¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ œíÿAæ þ{xÿàÿ
ÓëþèÿÁÿþ
xÿ. ¯ÿfÀÿèÿ àÿæàÿ Së©æ
Aœëÿ¯ÿæ’ÿ- Óþœÿ´ß œÿ¢ÿ
¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨$Àÿ †ÿàÿæÉ
µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿçLëÿ {’ÿQç Aæfç ÓþÖ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ{Àÿ FLÿþ†ÿ {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß A$öœÿê†ÿç- A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ A†ÿ¿;ÿ SµÿêÀÿ ÓZÿsÀÿ µÿAôÀÿ þ™¿{Àÿ ¨Éç¾æBdç > ¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ ¨÷ɧ Dvëdç FÜÿç ÓZÿs fæàÿÀëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç þëNÿç þçÁÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ þæSö Lÿ~ {Üÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿæ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ œÿçfÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô {LÿDô þæSö{Àÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ ?
FÜÿç ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¨æBô ’ëB ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þ†ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {SæsçF ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ þ†ÿ AœëÓæ{Àÿ Aæ;ÿföæ†ÿçLÿ Óó×æþæœÿZÿ, ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¨íq稆ÿçþæœÿZÿ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿÜëÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿ¸æœÿê þæœÿZÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ{Àÿ †ÿ$æ ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {LÿòÉÁÿ F¯ÿó {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêLëÿ œÿçfÀÿLÿÀÿç µÿæÀÿ†ÿ FÜÿç ÓZÿsÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ FLÿ Hàÿsæ þ†ÿ þ™¿ ÀÿÜÿçdç F¯ÿó FÜÿç þ†ÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ÓþS÷, Ó;ëÿÁÿç† ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ Ó´{’ÿÉê †ÿ¦, {LÿòÉÁÿ †ÿ$æ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜç ’ëÿBsç µÿçŸ - µÿçŸ þæSöLëÿ D¨{Àÿ ¾’ÿç Aæ{þ vÿçLÿ µÿæ{¯ÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÈÌ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {†ÿ{¯ÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæ {¾ FÜÿç ’ëÿB þæSö þ™¿{Àÿ ÿ ’Éöœÿ F¯ÿó ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~{Àÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ ¨æ$öLÿ¿ ÀÿÜÿçÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿç ’ëÿBsç þæSö þ™¿Àëÿ {Lÿò~Óç þæSöLëÿ ¯ÿædç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ FSëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö {Üÿ¯ÿæ D` ç†ÿ > ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ F ¯ÿæ¯ÿ’ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö {Üÿ¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ $#àÿæ F¯ÿó †ÿæ ¨{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç þæSöLëÿ A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æ;ÿæ > Lÿç;ëÿ ’ëÿµÿöæS¿Àÿ ¯ÿçÌß {¾ {Ó Óþß{Àÿ Aæ{þ F ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç Óæ$öLÿ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç œÿ$#{àÿ >
Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæ Aæ{¢ÿæÁÿœÿ Óþß{Àÿ Sæ¤ÿêfê F¯ÿó †ÿæZÿÀÿ ÓÜÿLÿþöê þæ{œÿ FÜÿç ¯ç †ÿLÿöLëÿ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ A¯ÿÉ¿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > {Ó Üÿç¢ÿ Ó´Àÿæf œÿæþLÿ FLÿ ¨ëÖLÿ Àÿ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç FLÿ SëÀë†ÿ´¨í~ö ¨÷ßæÓ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > {Üÿ{àÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæ ¨{Àÿ {¾Dô {àÿæLÿþæ{œÿ äþ†ÿæÓêœÿ {Üÿ{àÿ {Óþæ{œÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö F¯ÿó ’ÿçSLëÿ œÿçÀÿ$öLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿç FÜÿæLëÿ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç {’ÿB$#{àÿ > ¨Àÿæ™çœÿ†ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿæfç†ÿ þæœÿÓçLÿ†ÿæ{Àÿ S÷Óç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ {¯ÿæ™ÜëÿF AæþÀÿ †ÿ‡æÁÿêœÿ {œÿ†õÿ†ÿ´ ¨æQ{Àÿ {ÓÜç A抯ÿçÉ´æÓÀÿ {WæÀÿ Aµÿæ¯ÿ $#àÿæ > {¯ÿæ™ÜëÿF †ÿæZëÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ œÿ$çàÿæ {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ †ÿæÀÿ œÿçfÀÿ †ÿ¦ †ÿ$æ ¨÷~æÁÿê Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
{†ÿ~ë Ó´æµÿ¯ÿçLÿ Àëÿ{¨ †ÿæZÿÀÿ ’õÿÎç ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ †ÿ¦ F¯ÿó ¨÷~æÁÿê AæxÿLëÿ ¾æB$#àÿæ F¯ÿó {Óþæ{œÿ {ÓÜÿç ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê †ÿ¦Lëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ D¨{Àÿ à ’ÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç {’ÿB$ç{àÿ > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨$ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {ÓÜÿç Óþß{Àÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ {¾Dô AÅÿ ¯ÿÜëÿ†ÿ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö {ÜÿæB$#àÿæ †ÿæÜÿæ ¨íqç¯ÿæ’ÿê F¯ÿó Óþæf¯ÿæ’ÿê ¨÷~æÁÿêÀÿ AæQ¨æQ{Àÿ Óêþç†ÿ {ÜÿæB ÀÿÜÿç$çàÿæ > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ Aæ{þ ¯ÿfæÀÿ œÿçߦç†ÿ ¨íófê¯ÿæ’ÿê ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ A$¯ÿæ Àÿæf¿ œÿçߦç†ÿ Óþæf¯ÿæ’ÿê ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ A$¯ÿæ FÜÿç ’ëÿB ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ þçÉ÷~ Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿædLÿç{Àÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾æfœÿæ, œÿê†ÿç F¯ÿó Lÿ澿ö Lÿ÷þ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç Lÿ澿ö LÿæÀÿê LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçd;ÿç >
¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {¾Dô {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ ¨íófê¯ÿæ’ÿê ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ H {¾Dô {’ÿÉSëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ Óþæf¯ÿæ’ÿê ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ àÿæSí {ÜÿæBdç {ÓÜÿç {’ÿÉSëxÿçLÿÀÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæ F{¯ÿ Aæþ Óæþœÿæ{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæ þ™¿ AæþÓæþœÿæ{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿç Aµÿçj†ÿæÀÿ Aæ{àÿæLÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ vÿçLÿ þæSöÀÿ †ÿàÿæÉ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ FÜÿæLëÿ {œÿB ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Ó¯ÿöæ™#Lÿ D¨¾ëNÿ Óþß A{s >
I
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ
(Western Development Philosophy and Develpoment Model)
DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ ¯ÿçÌßLëÿ ¾’ÿç dæxÿç ’ÿçAæ¾æF, {†ÿ{¯ÿ ¨íófê¯ÿæ’ÿê H Óþæf¯ÿæ’ÿê Dµÿß ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿, ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓóLÿÅÿœÿæ, fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ D{”É¿, DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ {LÿòÉÁÿ H {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ (Factor) Aæ’ÿç A{œÿLÿ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ Óþæœÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿç Dµÿß ¨÷~æÁÿê A;ÿSö†ÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Aæ{þ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨$ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ Ó{þ†ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ÓþÖ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨$ A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç > {†ÿ~ë {Lÿò~Óç œíÿ†ÿœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨$ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ FÜÿæÀÿ þíàÿ¿æZÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
Lÿæs}fçßœÿ- œÿ¿&ë{sæœÿçßœÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ Qƒç†ÿ ¾æ¦çLÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ’õÿÎç
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿœÿ Lÿæs}fçßœÿ- œÿ¿ë{sæœÿçßœÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ FÜÿç ’õÿÎç Qƒç†ÿ ¾æ¦çLÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ’õÿÎçÀëÿ DŒŸ {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿæ SæàÿçàÿçH, {¯ÿLÿœÿ, {xÿLÿæ{†ÿö , œÿ¿&ësœÿ Aæ’ÿçZÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ F¯ÿó S{¯ÿÌ~æ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ A{s > FÜÿç ¯ÿçÉ´ ’õÿÎçÀÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ þëQ¿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæþæœÿ (Assumption)ÀÿÜÿçdç >
(Lÿ)- Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½æƒ A$¯ÿæ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç FLÿ ¯ÿçÉæÁÿ {þÓçœÿ ( ¾¦) Óþæœÿ A{s > FÜÿç {þÓçœÿ (¾¦) Lÿçdç œÿçÊÿç†ÿ œÿçßþ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Óó`ÿæÁÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > FÜÿæLëÿ ¨÷{ßæS H †ÿLÿöÓóS†ÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÈÌ~ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¯ëÿlæ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
(Q)- FLÿ ¯ÿæÜÿ¿ ÓóÓæÀÿ þš ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæÀÿ Aæþ vÿæÀëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö AàÿSæ AÖç†ÿ´ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæLëÿ Aæ{þ ¨íÀÿæ¨íÀÿç µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿÖëS†ÿ {ÜÿæB þæ¨ç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ >
(S)- ¾æÜÿæLëÿ þ¨æ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ F¯ÿó Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ Óí†ÿ÷{Àÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ †ÿæÜÿæLëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçjæœÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ A;ÿµÿöëNÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ F$#Àëÿ Üÿ] œÿçÊÿç†ÿæŠLÿ ’õÿÌcç{Lÿæ~ F¯ÿó FÜÿæ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ¯ÿçjæœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ÉæQæ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçjæœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¨÷{ßæSÀÿ {LÿòÉÁÿ F¯ÿó Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÈÌ~ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½æƒÀÿ ÓþÖ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¯ëÿlæ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿç ¯ÿç†ÿæÀÿÀÿ ¨Àÿç~æþÓ´Àíÿ¨ ™#{Àÿ- ™#{Àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ, þæœÿ¯ÿêß Aœëÿµíÿ†ÿç , þæœÿ¯ÿêß Ó{º’ÿœÿæ, AæÉæ AæLÿæóäæ Lëÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ÉæÚ H ¨•†ÿç þš †ÿçAæÀÿç {Üÿàÿæ >
(W)- ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ÓþÓ¿æ SëxÿçLëÿ AàÿSæ-AàÿSæ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ †ÿ$æ AàÿSæ-AàÿSæ µÿæS{Àÿ {’ÿQæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > ¾æÜÿæLëÿ Aæ{þ Ó¸í‚ÿö {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜëÿ †ÿæÜÿæ AàÿSæ-AàÿSæ µÿæSÀÿ ÓþæÜÿæÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷ A{s >
(Yÿ)- ¯ÿçjæœÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿçfß àÿæµÿ LÿÀÿç þœëÿÌ¿ ¨í‚ÿö þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ œÿçf àÿæµÿ ¨æBô ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÀÿæÖæ {Qæ{àÿ > F¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿÀëÿ Üÿ] Ó¯ÿöœÿçþ§ ¨ÀÿçÉ÷þ{Àÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿçÀÿë A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {LÿòÉÁÿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê ÉçQæD$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿçjæœÿ ÓõÎç {ÜÿæBdç >
œÿ¿&ësœÿZÿ FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lÿë Aæ™æÀÿ LÿÀÿç fœÿ àÿLÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿLëÿ œÿç{’ÿöÉç†ÿ H œÿçߦç†ÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ œÿçßþLëÿ ¨÷†ÿç¨æ’ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç¯ÿæ’ÿ, Óó¨ˆÿç D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´, Ó´æ™êœÿ ¯ÿfæÀÿ †ÿ¦ (¨÷~æÁÿê), Ó¯ÿöœÿçþ§ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿê ÜÿÖ{ä¨ D¨{Àÿ FLÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ H Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ fœÿ½ {œÿB$#àÿæ > FÜÿæLëÿ Üÿ] ¨íqç¯ÿæ’ÿ LëÿÜÿæSàÿæ > FÜÿç ¨íqç¯ÿæ’ÿê ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀëÿ ÉçÅÿµÿçˆÿçLÿ ÓþæfÀÿ fœÿ½ {Üÿàÿæ > F$#{Àÿ þëNÿ¯ÿfæÀÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê Àÿ {¯ÿLÿ Lÿsæ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ þš{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ AÖç†ÿ´ ¯ÿfæß ÀÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô àÿSæ†ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿfæÀÿ, ÉÖæ É÷þçLÿ F¯ÿó LÿoæþæàÿÀÿ D¨àÿ²†ÿæ F¯ÿó {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfêÀÿ àÿSæ†ÿæÀÿ DŸ†ÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ Aœëÿµëÿ†ÿ {Üÿàÿæ > F¨Àÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Üÿ] FÜÿç Óþæf ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿçÀÿ œÿçÏëÀÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿæSàÿæ > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô œÿçf {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ F¯ÿó Ó晜ÿ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ {àÿæLÿZÿ þš {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿæSàÿæ > AæSLëÿ ¾æB FÜÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿç~æþÓ´Àëÿ¨ FÜÿç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ÉçÅÿµÿçˆÿçLÿ {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ FÓçAæ, Aæüÿ÷çLÿæ H àÿæsçœÿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæÀÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ Óæþ÷æf¿ ×樜ÿ LÿÀç {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀ ç $#{àÿ > F{¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿæþ{Àÿ FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZëÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô œíÿAæ `ÿæàÿ {QÁÿæ¾æDdç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ H {œÿð†ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿ Që¯ÿ ¨d{Àÿ ¨xÿç¾æBdç >
¨íqç¯ÿæ’ÿê {ÉæÌ~Àÿ ¨÷†ÿçLÿ÷çßæ Ó´Àíÿ¨ þæLÿöÓ þëNÿ ¯ÿfæÀÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê vÿæÀëÿ µÿçŸ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$ç{àÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ Óæþ¿¯ÿæ’ê ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB$æF > þæLÿöÓZÿ FÜÿç {¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ Óþæf¯ÿæ’ÿÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ þ™¿ {ÓÜÿç Lÿæs}fçßœÿ, œÿ¿&ë{sæœÿçßœÿ ¾æ¦çLÿ ¯ÿçÉ´’õÿÎç Üÿ] $#àÿæ > F$#{Àÿ ¨æ$öLÿ¿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç $#{àÿ {¾ {Ó ¨íqç¯ÿæ’ÿê þæœÿZÿÀÿ {ÉæÌ~ ¯ÿçÀëÿ•{Àÿ Ó´Àÿ D{ˆÿæÁÿœÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ F¯ÿó Ó¸ˆÿçÀÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿêLÿÀÿ~ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿB$#{àÿ > Lÿç;ëÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ {ÓÜÿç ¾æ¦çLÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ’õÿÎç {ÜÿæB$ç¯ÿæÀëÿ ÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ þš ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç H þœëÿÌ¿ D¨{Àÿ {ÉæÌ~ fæÀÿê ÀÿÜÿçàÿæ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ {ÉæÌ~Àÿ ×æœÿ H ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿç ¾æB$#àÿæ Lÿç;ë {ÉæÌ~ ¨í¯ÿö µÿÁÿç fæÀÿê ÀÿÜÿç$çàÿæ >
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê Aæ$#öLÿ `ÿç;ÿœÿÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ†ÿæ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ {Ó ™Àÿç†ÿ÷êÀÿ Óêþç†ÿ ÓºÁÿÀëÿ AÓêþç†ÿ ¨÷S†ÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô `ÿæ{Üÿô > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] àíÿs, Óæþ÷æf¿¯ÿæ’ÿ, {ÉæÌ~, AÓæþœÿ†ÿæ H ÓóWÌöÀÿ ×ç†ÿç DŒŸ {ÜÿDdç >
2- þæœÿ¿†ÿæ (Assumptions)
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿœÿÀÿ ¨÷þëQ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ SëxÿçLÿ œÿç{þ§æNÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
(i)- Aæ$#öLÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ¨ÀÿçLÿàÿ¬œÿæ - ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿœÿ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç FLÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ¨ÀÿçLÿÅÿœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç ¾çF †ÿæÜÿæÀÿ ÓþÖ œÿçшÿç ™œÿ ¯ÿæ A$öàÿæµÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ œÿçF †ÿ$æ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ™œÿ ¯ÿæ A$ö àÿæµÿÀëÿ Üÿçô {Ó {¨÷Àÿ~æ àÿæµÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ S†ÿç¯ÿç™# †ÿ$æ Lÿ÷çßæLÿÁÿæ¨ ¨d{Àÿ þëQ¿ Óó`ÿæÁÿœÿ ÉNÿç Aæ$#öLÿ ÀÿÜÿç$#¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ þ~çÌLëÿ
' Aæ$#öLÿ þœëÿÌ¿ ' (Economic Man)Àÿ Óójæ ’ÿçAæ¾æB$æF >
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ{Àÿ Óó¨í‚ÿö ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óç•æ;ÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ A$öþæœÿ¯ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > FÜÿç þæœÿ¿†ÿæ {Lÿ{†ÿ ’íÿÀÿ vÿçLÿ †ÿæÜÿæ sç{Lÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ëÿ > ¾’ÿç {LÿÜÿç FÜÿæ Lÿ{Üÿ {¾ FÜÿæ ¯ÿæÑ`ÿæÁÿç†ÿ Bófçœÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {ÓÜÿç Bófçœÿsç ¯ÿæÑ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ `ÿæÁÿç†ÿ ÜëÿF > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç ¾’ÿç {LÿÜÿç Lÿ{Üÿ FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç FLÿ ¯ÿçfëÁÿç `ÿæÁÿç†ÿ {þæsÀÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {þæsÀÿsç ¯ÿçfëÁÿç{Àÿ `ÿæ{àÿ > vÿçLÿ {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ þæ{œÿ þ~çÌLëÿ A$ö þæœÿ¯ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿ;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ {¾ þ~çÌ A$ö Aæ™æ{Àÿ `ÿ{Áÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ þ~çÌLëÿ A$ö þçÁÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿæ œÿ þçÁÿç¯ÿæ , Lÿþ þçÁÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿæ {¯ÿÉê þçÁÿç¯ÿæ FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] {Ó †ÿæÀÿ ÓþÖ œÿçшÿç S÷Üÿ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > LÿÅÿœÿæ LÿÀÿ;ëÿ A$ö þæœÿ¯ÿ ¨ÀÿçLÿÅÿœÿæ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ {¾Dô ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ †ÿæÜÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿç~æþ Lÿ'~ {Üÿ¯ÿ ? F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ DNÿ ÓþæfLëÿ Lÿ~ þçÁÿç¯ÿ ?
A$öþæœÿ¯ÿ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ f{~ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ f{~ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿfæÀÿLëÿ ¾ç¯ÿ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Ó {LÿDô Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ œÿçшÿç {œÿ¯ÿ ? {Ó µÿæ¯ÿç¯ÿ ¾’ÿç ÉÖæ þçÁÿç¯ÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Ó fçœÿçÌ Lÿç~ç¯ÿ, {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç fçœÿçÌ ¾’ÿç þÜÿèÿæ þçÁÿç¯ÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Ó Lÿç~ç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {Ó {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ {¾ {¾¨Àÿç Lÿþ Àëÿ Lÿþ A$ö Qa ÿöLÿÀÿç A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿÖë Lÿç¨Àÿç Lÿç~ç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > A$ö þæœÿ¯ÿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæLëÿ f{~ DŒæ’ÿLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ †ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ ? {¾Dô fçœÿçÌ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ †ÿæLëÿ A™#Lÿ àÿæµÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ {ÓÜÿç fçœÿçÌÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {Ó LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç Lÿþ àÿæµÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ fçœÿçÌÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {Ó LÿÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > ÓþæfÀÿ Üÿæœÿç {Üÿ{àÿ þš {Ó Lÿþ àÿæµÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ fçœÿçÌÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô> FÜÿç ¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ {’ÿÉ H ÓþæfÀÿ Üÿç†ÿ{Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿÖëÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ †ÿæÀÿ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæ Óí`ÿê{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç ¯ÿç{Lÿ÷†ÿæ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ {¾ {Ó Lÿþ fçœÿçÌ {’ÿB A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ’ÿæþ Lÿç¨Àÿç œÿçAæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > {¾Dô fçœÿçÌ ¯ÿçLÿ÷ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ A™#Lÿ àÿæµÿ þçÁÿç¯ÿ {ÓÜÿç fçœÿçÌ {Ó ¯ÿçLÿ÷ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó {¾Dô$#Àëÿ Lÿþ àÿæµÿ þçÁÿç¯ÿ {ÓÜÿç fçœÿçÌLëÿ {Ó ¯ÿçLÿç÷ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > A$ö þæœÿ¯ÿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæÀëÿ É÷þçLÿ Lÿþö`ÿæÀÿê Àëÿ¨{Àÿ {Ó Lÿþ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç A™#Lÿ Àëÿ A™#Lÿ ¨æÀÿçÉ÷þçLÿ àÿæµÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿçS{Àÿ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > {ÓÜÿç ¨Àÿç œÿç¾ëNÿç {’ÿB$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç (þæàÿçLÿ) þš `ÿæÜÿçô¯ÿ {¾ Lÿþö`ÿæÀÿê ¯ÿæ É÷þçLÿ Lÿþ A$ö ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç †ÿæ vÿæÀëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ Lÿæþ œÿçAæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > ¾’ÿç Ó¯ëÿ þ~çÌ A$ö þæœÿ¯ÿ µÿÁÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿ;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ Óþæf Lÿç¨Àÿç `ÿÁÿç¯ÿ ? FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ ÓþæfÀÿ Svÿœÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç Ó»ÿ¯ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ ?
¾’ÿç F¨Àÿç ÜëÿF {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Lÿò~Óç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæ†ÿæ-¨ç†ÿæZÿ {Ó¯ÿæ LÿæÜÿ]Lÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿ A$¯ÿæ {’ÿÉ D¨{Àÿ AæLÿ÷þ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ {LÿÜÿç {ÓðœÿçLÿ AæLÿæÀÿ{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿLëÿ ¯ÿæfç àÿSæB {’ÿÉþæ†õÿLÿæÀÿ Àÿäæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æ {LÿDôvÿæÀëÿ AæÓç¯ÿ ?
(ii) Ó´ Üÿç†ÿ F¯ÿó Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ -
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ þæ{œÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {¾ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç œÿçfÀÿ Ó´æ$ö ¨æBô Üÿ] Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿ;ÿç F¯ÿó ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæ{œÿ œÿçf ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ D¨¾ëNÿ œÿçшÿç {œÿB ¨æÀÿ;ÿç > ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæœÿZÿ ÓþÎçLëÿ {œÿB Óþæf †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿæBdç > {†ÿ~ë ¾’ÿç ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç œÿçfÀÿ Üÿç†ÿ ¯ÿæ Ó´æ$ö ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ `ÿç;ÿæ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ ÓþæfÀÿ Üÿç†ÿ ¯ÿæ Ó´æ$ö `ÿç;ÿæ Lÿ$æ Aæ{¨ Aæ{¨ {ÜÿæB¾ç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ þæœÿZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Üÿç†ÿ ¯ÿæ Ó´æ$öÀÿ ÓþÎç Üÿçô ÓþæfÀÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö Üÿç†ÿ A{s >
{ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ {¾Dô Lÿ澿ö Lÿ{àÿ A™#Lÿ àÿæµÿ þçÁÿç¯ÿ {Ó {ÓÜÿç Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > A$æö`ÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ œÿçшÿçÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ Aæ$#öLÿ àÿæµÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {¾Dô ¯ÿ¿Nÿç FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö Lÿ{Àÿ †ÿæLëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ’õÿÎçÀëÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉêÁÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æF > Aæ$#öLÿ Óç•æ;ÿ þš FÜÿç Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉêÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ’ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æF >
(iii) ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ H ÓóWÌö Üÿ] Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ H ¨÷S†ÿçÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ -
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {¾ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Aæ$#öLÿ {É÷~ê †ÿ$æ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Aæ$#öLÿ FLÿLÿ (Unit) SëxÿçLÿ þš{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ H ÓóWÌö `ÿæàÿç$æF > FÜÿç ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ H ÓóWÌö üÿÁÿ{Àÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ ×æ¨ç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > ¨ë~ç ${Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ H ÓóWÌö LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ ¯ÿæ™æ¨÷æ© ÜÿëF F¯ÿó ¨ë~ç ${Àÿ œíÿAæ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç ÜëÿF > ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ, ÓóWÌö H Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿÀÿ FÜÿç Lÿ÷þ ¨÷S†ÿçÀÿ þæSö H ’ÿçSLëÿ ×çÀÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àíÿ¨ {Lÿ÷†ÿæ þæœÿZÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ þš{Àÿ, ¯ÿç{Lÿ÷†ÿæ þæœÿZÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ þš{Àÿ †ÿ$æ {Lÿ÷†ÿæ - ¯ÿç{Lÿ÷`ÿæ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ þš{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ àÿæSç ÀÿÜÿç$æF > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿfæÀÿ{Àÿ Ó;ÿëÁÿœÿ F¯ÿó þíàÿ¿Àÿ œ ç™öæÀÿ~ {ÜÿæB$æF > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ D¨{µÿæNÿæ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ, DŒæ’ÿLÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ, Ó¯ÿöæ™çLÿ àÿæµÿ A$¯ÿæ Ó¯ÿöæ™çLÿ Üÿæœÿç D¨À{Àÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ Aæ’ÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ SëxÿçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {ÜÿæBdç >
(iv) Ó{¯ÿæöˆÿþÀÿ AÖç†ÿ´ -Lÿçdç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ xÿæÀÿH´çœÿZÿ ¯ÿçLÿæɯÿæ’ÿÀëÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ þ™¿ FÜ ç Óç•æ;ÿLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > FÜÿç þ†ÿ¯ÿæ’ÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ F¯ÿó ÓóWÌö {Àÿ {ÓÜÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç œÿçfÀÿ AÖç†ÿ´Lëÿ ¯ÿó`ÿæB ÀÿQç ¨æÀç¯ÿ ¾çF Aæ$öçLÿ ’õ ÎçÀëÿ œÿçfLëÿ Ó¯ÿöæ™#Lÿ Dˆÿþ {¯ÿæàÿç ¨÷þæ~ç†ÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > {¾Dô ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Aæ$#öLÿ ’õÿÎçÀëÿ ’ë¯ÿöÁÿ {Ó Aæ{¨ Aæ{¨ œÿÎ {ÜÿæB>¾ç¯ÿ > {†ÿ~ë ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLÿë œÿçfÀÿ AÖç†ÿ´ Àÿäæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô A$öÀÿ Óó`ÿß †ÿ$æ ¨÷’ÿÉöœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF >
(v) ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ’ æÓê - ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ þæ{œÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿçLëÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ’ÿæÓê {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {Óþæ{œÿ œÿçfÀÿ ÓëQ-Óë¯ÿç™æ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿçÀÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ œÿçfÀÿ A™#LÿæÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë †ÿæZÿ þœÿ{Àÿ Ó¯ÿö’ÿæ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿçfß ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ ÀÿÜÿç$æF F¯ÿó FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ {Óþæ{œÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿçÀÿ Që¯ÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {LÿòÉÁÿ F¯ÿó {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç >
3. ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ’õÿÎç F¯ÿó Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç
(Vision and Strategy Regarding Development)
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {¾Dô ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lëÿ {œÿB ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç †ÿ$æ {Óþæ{œÿ FB$# ¨æBô {¾Dô Àÿ~œÿê†ÿçLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç †ÿæÀÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ Óí†ÿ÷{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
(i) ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç Àíÿ{¨ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ -
¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô fçxÿç¨çÀÿ þæ¨ F¯ÿó ’ÿ´æÀÿæ S~œÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ A¨í~ö, µëÿàÿ †ÿ$æ µÿ÷þ¨í~ö A{s > F ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Aæ{þ ¨{Àÿ ¯ÿçÖõ†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ >
(ii) ¯ÿÖë F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæLëÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç œÿçfÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ ¯õÿ•çLëÿ Üÿ] fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ àÿä¿ {¯ÿæàÿç þæœÿç¯ÿæ -
¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ Aæ{þ {’ÿQç¯ÿæ fê¯ÿœÿ-¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿÀÿ A$ö Lÿ~ ? fê¯ÿœÿ-¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ Üÿ÷æÓ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¯ÿæ ¯ÿõ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ Lÿç¨Àÿç œÿç™æöÀÿç†ÿ ÜëÿF ? ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¨æQ{Àÿ D¨àÿ² ¯ÿÖë F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ ( Basket of goods and services )Àëÿ œÿç™æöÀÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ ¾æÜÿæ ¨æQ{Àÿ {¾{†ÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæ D¨àÿ² $#¯ÿ †ÿæÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ {Ó{†ÿ µÿÁÿ {¯ÿæàÿç ™Àÿæ¾ç¯ÿ > ¾’ÿç Aæ{þ FÜÿç ÓójæLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç œÿçA;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ f{~ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç œÿçfÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿLëÿ Daÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ’ÿçœÿ Àÿæ†ÿç A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ D¨{µÿæS{Àÿ àÿæSç ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ > ¯ÿçœÿæ Óó¾þ{Àÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {¾æSëô †ÿæLëÿ œÿçÊÿç†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç œÿæ {Lÿò~Óç {ÀÿæS {Üÿ¯ÿ > FÜÿç {ÀÿæSLëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {Ó xÿæNÿÀÿ ¨æQLëÿ ¾ç¯ÿ †ÿ$æ IÌ™ QæB¯ÿ > F{¯ÿ DNÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¨æQ{Àÿ {Ó¯ÿæ H ’ÿ÷¯ÿ¿Àÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ ¯ÿÿçSàÿæ > FÜÿç Óójæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ †ÿæÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ Daÿ {Üÿàÿæ {¯ÿæàÿç AæþLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ vÿçLÿ Hàÿsæ ¾’ÿç f{~ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Óó¾þç†ÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ Lÿ{Àÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ F¯ÿó Óó¾þ¨í¯ÿöLÿ D¨{µÿæS Lÿ{Àÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Ó {ÀÿæSS÷Ö {Üÿ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ †ÿæLëÿ xÿæNÿÀÿZÿ ¨æQLëÿ ¾ç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {†ÿ~ë †ÿæ ¨æQ{Àÿ ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿ > ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ’ÿçAæ¾æB$#¯ÿæ Óójæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ †ÿæÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ-¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ †ÿ{Áÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç {¯ÿæàÿç AæþLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ fê¯ÿœÿ -¾æ¨œÿÀÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ àÿä¿ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ’ÿçSµÿ÷þç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾ç¯ÿ > ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ D¨{µÿæSLëÿ ¯ÿÿæB F¯ÿó {µÿæS¯ÿæ’ÿê fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿêLëÿ Aæ¨~æB ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨${Àÿ A™#Lÿ †ÿê¯ÿ÷ S†ÿç{Àÿ AæSLëÿ ¯ÿÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {¾ D¨{µÿæS {¾{†ÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿ , ¯ÿfæÀÿ{Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ {Ó{†ÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿ > Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ’ÿÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿõ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿ > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ{Àÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ A$ö D¨æföœÿ Lëÿ Üÿ] Üÿ] {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿæÀÿ ’ëÿÑÀÿç~æþ F{¯ÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLÿë þçÁÿçàÿæ~ç > Aæfç Ó¸í~ö ¯ÿçÉ´ D¨{µÿæNÿæ¯ÿæ’ÿÀÿ ÓþÓ¿æ{Àÿ S÷Óç†ÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ A$ö F¯ÿó Lÿæþ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷ç†ÿ AÓó¨í~ö `ÿç;ÿœÿ A{s >
(iii) D¨{µÿæS ¨æBô Ó¯ëÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¯ÿëÿ$#¯ÿæ AæLÿæóäæ F¯ÿó àÿæÁÿÓæLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯ÿõ•ç D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ -
{¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ D¨{µÿæSLëÿ fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ àÿä¿ {¯ÿæàÿç þæœÿç œÿçAæ¾æF {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ A{œÿLÿ D¨æß ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLÿë ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ {`ÿÌcæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > FÜÿæLëÿ Që¯ÿ µÿàÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þš þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF > FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀÿ ¯õÿ•çLëÿ Óµÿ¿†ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓÜÿ þš {fæxÿç {’ÿQæ¾æB$æF > {¾Dô ¯ÿ¿Nÿç , ¯ÿæ ÓþæfÀÿ {¾{†ÿ A™#Lÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ {ÓÜÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿæ Óþæf {Ó{†ÿ A™#Lÿ Óµÿ¿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF > ¯ÿÿç$#¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó D¨{µÿæSLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ þš A¨ÜÿÀÿçÜÿ澿ö {ÜÿæB¾æB$æF > {†ÿ~ë ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ{Àÿ D¨{µÿæS H DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ {’ÿòxÿ Lëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨$ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
(iv) DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯õÿ•ç ¨æBô (Lÿ)¨÷æLõÿ†ÿçLÿ ÓºÁÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ µÿÀÿ¨íÀÿ {ÉæÌ~ †ÿ$æ (Q){þÓçœÿ `ÿæÁÿç†ÿ †ÿ$æ Që¯ÿ A™#Lÿ ÉNÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿxÿ ÉçÅÿ ¯ÿçÉçÎ DŒæ’ÿœÿ †ÿ¦Àÿ œÿçþæö~
LÿþÀëÿ Lÿþ Óþß{Àÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨÷æLõÿ†ÿçLÿ Ó¸’ÿSëxÿçLÿÀÿ µÿÀÿ¨íÀÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Aæ{þ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ ¨÷’íÿÌ~ ¨Àÿç ÓþÓ¿æ{Àÿ S÷Óç†ÿ {ÜÿDd;ÿç > µÿæÀÿê þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿxÿ- ¯ÿxÿ Lÿ¸æœÿê þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿxÿ LÿæÀÿQæœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç > F$#{Àÿ {þÓçœÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç F¯ÿó Që¯ÿ A™#Lÿ ÉNÿç Qaÿö LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ÉNÿç ÓZÿs F¯ÿó {¯ÿLÿæÀÿê ÓZÿs µÿÁÿç ÓþÓ¿æ þæœÿ {’ÿQæ ¾æDdç >
(v) FÜÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê †ÿ$æ DŒæ’ÿœÿ †ÿ¦Àÿ ¨Àÿç`ÿæÁÿœÿæ ¨æBô ¨íqçLëÿ ¨÷™æœÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç ( ÓæþæfçLÿ- ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ †ÿ$æ þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿë ×çÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç ) œÿç{¯ÿÉ F¯ÿó ¨íqç Óó`ÿß D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ - ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#¯ÿæ ÓþÖ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ- ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ †ÿ$æ þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿë ×çÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > FÜÿç þ{xÿàÿSëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯õÿ•ç H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô ¨íqçLëÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í~ö LÿæÀÿLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÀÿ ¯ÿÿæB¯ÿæ¨æBô {Üÿ{àÿ ¨íqç ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æSÀÿ ’ÿÀÿ{Àÿ þš ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > A™#Lÿ ¨íqç ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æS ¨æBô A’ÿçLÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ ¨íqçÀÿ Óó`ÿß {Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ {¯ÿæàÿç ™Àÿæ¾æB$æF > FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿæþ{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿ¿æZÿ, Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ þë’ÿ÷æ {LÿæÌ F¯ÿó ¯ÿÜëÿÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿ¸æœÿê þæœÿZÿ vÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿç¨ëÁÿ ¨Àÿçþæ~{Àÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ F¯ÿó œÿç{¯ÿÉ S÷Üÿ~ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ FÜÿç SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ J~ fæàÿ (Debt Trap){Àÿ ¨Éç ¾æDd;ÿç >
D¨Àÿ àÿçQç†ÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ F¯ÿó ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A{œÿLÿ þ{xÿàÿ F¯ÿó Óç•æ;ÿ AæÓçdç > Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ {œÿ{ÜÿÀëÿ -þÜÿàÿæ{œÿæ¯ÿçÓ þ{xÿàÿ FÜÿæÀÿ Üÿ] FLÿ D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö H þæ¨ - ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿÀÿ {WÀÿ{Àÿ
(Meaning and measurement of development- In the midst of controversies)
¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç - FLÿ ¨÷ɧ¯ÿæ`ÿê
(Development Economics- A Question mark ?)
¾’ÿçH ÓæÜÿç†ÿ¿{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ Aæxÿæþ Ó½ç$Zÿ ÓþßÀëÿ Lÿçdç œÿæ Lÿçdç ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ A¯ÿÉ¿ ¨÷Lÿs LÿÀÿæ ¾æBdç {†ÿ{¯ÿ ’ÿ´ç†ÿêß ¯ÿçÉ´¾ë• ¨{Àÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ A™#Lÿ šæœÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç > Aæ{þ fæ~ë {¾ ’ÿ´ç†ÿêß ¯ÿçÉ´¾ë• Óþß{Àÿ FÓçAæ H Aæüÿ÷çLÿæÀÿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿÉ Ó´æ™êœÿ {Üÿ{àÿ > ¨Àÿæ™êœÿ†ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ Óæþ÷æf¿¯ÿæ’ÿê ( AæfçÀÿ †ÿ$æLÿ$#†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ ) {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ FÜÿç ¨Àÿæ™êœÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ {Qæàÿæ {Qæàÿç µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀëÿ$#{àÿ > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæ ¨æB¯ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ FÜÿç {’ÿÉSëxÿçLÿÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ×ç†ÿç A†ÿ¿;ÿ QÀÿæ¨ A¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ $#àÿæ > {†ÿ~ë Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæ ¨æB¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ FÜÿç {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ Aœëÿµÿ¯ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#àÿæ > Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¯ÿçœÿæ Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæÀÿ {Lÿò~Óç A$ö œÿæÜÿ] {¯ÿæàÿç FLÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ FÜÿç {’ÿÉþæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSç$#àÿæ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ FÜÿç µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ þš ’õÿÿêµíÿ†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ {¾ Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿfæß ÀÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ{àÿ ÓþÖ {’ÿÉSëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¨÷S†ÿç œÿçÜÿæ†ÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > FÜÿç {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ S~†ÿæ¦çLÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê ’ÿ´æÀÿæ fœÿþ†ÿÀÿ `ÿæ¨ þš ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿSëxÿçLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {`ÿÎæLëÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç †ÿê¯ÿ÷ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿæš Lÿàÿæ >
FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ’íÿÀÿ†ÿ´ þš ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSç$#àÿæ > FÜÿæ þš ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {`ÿÎæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç †ÿê¯ÿ÷†ÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç$#àÿæ > {¾Dô ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Éæ;ÿç ÓþÖZÿ ¨æBô fÀëÿÀÿê {ÓÜÿç ¨÷L æÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¨÷S†ÿç þš ÓþÖZÿ ¨æBô fÀëÿÀÿê A{s > Éæ;ÿç µÿÁÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ™¿ Aµÿçµÿæf¿ A{s > ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Lÿçdç {’ÿÉ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ H ™œÿÉæÁÿê {ÜÿæB$#{¯ÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿæLÿê A™#LÿæóÉ {’ÿÉ ¨dëAæ H SÀÿê¯ÿ {ÜÿæB ÀÿÜÿç$#{¯ÿ , F¨Àÿç ×ç†ÿç A{œÿLÿ ’ÿçœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ `ÿæàÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > > A$öæ†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ™œÿ¯ÿæœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿†ÿæ ¯ÿ稒ÿ ÓõÎç LÿÀÿç ¨æ{Àÿ > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZëÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ ÓÜÿ{¾æS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæSàÿæ > ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó´æ$ö F¨Àÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ œÿçÜÿç†ÿ Adç > ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ F¨Àÿç µÿæ¯ÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þš ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Àëÿ`ÿç SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ > SþœÿæSþœÿÀÿ Óë¯ÿç™æ †ÿ$æ Óó`ÿæÀÿÀÿ Óë¯ÿç™æ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þš SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ œÿæSÀÿçLÿ þæ{œÿ ™œÿê {’ÿÉ †ÿëÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ ’ÿæúÀÿç’ÿ÷¿†ÿæ Àÿ Aœëÿµÿ¯ÿ A™#Lÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» Lÿ{àÿ~ç > {†ÿ~ë {Óþæ{œÿ œÿçfÀÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ ¨÷†ÿç Ó{`ÿ†œÿÿ {ÜÿæB S{àÿ~ç †ÿ$æ FÜÿæLëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô AæÜëÿÀÿç Aæ†ëÿÀÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç f~æ ¨xëÿd;ÿç > {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ’ëÿB-†õÿ†ÿêßæóÉ fœÿÓæ™æÀÿ~ Aæ$#öLÿ Àëÿ{¨ ¨dëAæ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¨ÀÿçS~ç†ÿ {ÜÿD$#{¯ÿ †ÿ$æ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç A™æ fœÿÓóQ¿æ Lëÿ{¨æÌ~Àÿ ÉçLÿæÀÿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿ , FÜÿç µÿÁÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ {œÿB D’ÿ¯ÿçS§ {Üÿ¯ÿæ Ó´æµÿ¯ÿçLÿ A{s > FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ’ÿ´ç†ÿêß ¯ÿçÉ´¾ë• ¨{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷† ç ÓþÖ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ šæœÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ AæLÿÌ}†ÿ {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçóÉ É†ÿæ±ÿêÀÿ DˆÿÀÿæ™ö{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó»¯ÿ†ÿ… ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ `ÿ`ÿ}†ÿ ¯ÿçÌß µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¨ÀÿçS~ç†ÿ {ÜÿæBdç > ¯ÿçLÿæÉ F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ÓÜÿ fxÿç†ÿ ¨÷Óèÿ SëxÿçLÿ Àÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç (Development Economics) œÿæþ{Àÿ FLÿ Ó´†ÿ¦ ¯ÿçÌßÀÿ D—ÿ¯ÿ {ÜÿæBdç >
S†ÿ Lÿçdç ¯ÿÌö þš{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç œÿæþLÿ FLÿ AàÿSæ ¯ÿçÌß AæÀÿ» {Üÿ¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ F{¯ÿ ¨÷ɧ¯ÿæ`ÿê ÓõÎç {Üÿàÿæ ¨Àÿç f~æ ¨xëÿdç > {ÉðäçLÿ H œÿê†ÿç œÿç™æöÀÿ~ , Dµÿß {¾†ÿ÷{Àÿ FÜÿæLëÿ ¨í¯ÿö µÿÁÿç SëÀëÿ†ÿ´ þçÁÿç¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿ] > ¨`ÿæÉ H ÌævÿçF ’ÿÉLÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿçÀÿ Óç•æ;ÿ, þ{xÿàÿ, œÿê†ÿç Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {¾Dô ÓÜÿþ†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿD$#àÿæ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾æfœÿæÀÿ Lÿ澿öLÿæÀÿç†ÿæ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {¾Dô DûæÜÿ {’ÿQæ ¾æD$#àÿæ, ™#{Àÿ -™#{Àÿ {ÓÜÿç DûæÜÿ Lÿþç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ~ç > ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ H ¨dëAæ ¨~çAæ (Backwordness)Àÿ ÓþÓ¿æ Àÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¯ÿçœÿæ F¨Àÿç LÿæÜÿ]Lÿç {Üÿàÿæ FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç FLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö ¨÷ɧ > F{¯ÿ †ÿ F¨Àÿç ×ç†ÿç ÓõÎç {Üÿàÿæ~ç {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿçÀÿ ’ÿçS-’ÿÉöœÿ H ’õÿÎçLëÿ {œÿB Ó{¢ÿÜÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {Üÿàÿæ~ç > FÜÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç {¾Dô ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨$Lëÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç$çàÿæ F¯ÿó †ÿæ ¨{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Lÿçdç þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ AæSLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {ÜÿæB$#àÿæ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿæ†ÿæ¯ÿÀÿ~ FLÿ Af¯ÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ µÿß H AæÉZÿæ þšLëÿ `ÿæàÿç¾æB$çàÿæ > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Lÿçdç A$öœÿê†ÿçj FÜÿç ¨${Àÿ AæSLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ œÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿ†ÿæ¯ÿœÿê {’ÿD$#¯ÿæ {’ÿQæ ¾æDdç > Fþç†ÿç ¯ÿç A{œÿLÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj Ad;ÿç {¾Dô þæ{œÿ ' ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç ' œÿæþLÿ AàÿSæ ¯ÿçÌßÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ {œÿB ¨÷ɧ DvÿæBd;ÿç > FþæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ Óâsf, {Üÿð¯ÿÀÿàÿÀÿ,¯ÿæÀÿ,àÿçsçàÿ, ¯ÿæàÿuÓö, B†ÿ¿æ’çÿZÿ œÿæþ ¨÷þëQ A{s > {¨ò{Àÿ{sæZÿ Aæµÿç¾æ†ÿ¿ þ†ÿ¯ÿæ’ÿÀÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæLëÿ {œÿB A{œÿLÿ ¨÷ɧ Dvëÿdç > FÜÿç Óç•æ;ÿÀÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæLëÿ {œÿB †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ ÓþæfÀÿ ’ÿêœÿ-Üÿêœÿ , SÀÿê¯ÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ÓþÓ¿æLëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ †ÿæZëÿ œÿ¿æß ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {†ÿ~ Lç dç A$öœÿê†ÿçj ' ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç ' Lëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿ¢ÿ LÿÀÿç{’ÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô ’ÿæ¯ÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» Lÿ{àÿ~ç > ÜÿÌöþ¿æœÿ œÿæþLÿ f{~ ¯ÿçÉçÎ A$öœÿê†ÿçj 1981 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ (Rise and Decline of Development Economics)œÿæþLÿ FLÿ Aæ{àÿQ¿ {àÿQç {SæsçF ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿçÀÿ þõ†ÿ¿&ëÀÿ Óþæ`ÿæÀÿ Üÿ] {àÿQç {’ÿB$#{àÿ > > D¨{ÀÿæNÿ Lÿ$æÀëÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿç Óç•æ;ÿ{Àÿ D¨œÿê†ÿ {ÜÿD{d {¾ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ A{œÿLÿ ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ ' ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç ' Àÿ ¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ Ó´Àíÿ¨ F¯ÿó FÜÿæÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿµÿíÿ†ÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ ÓÜÿ F†ÿþ†ÿ H Ó;ÿëÎ œëÿÜÿ;ÿç > {Óþæ{œÿ {Lÿò~Óç œíÿAæ {¯ÿð`ÿæÀÿçLÿ A™#ÏæœÿÀÿ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç > FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæSæþê Óþß ¨æBô FLÿ `ÿ¿æ{àÿóf H AœëÿLÿÀÿ~êß Lÿ澿ö >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö H þæ¨
( Meaning and Measurement of Development )
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö H þæ¨Lëÿ {œÿB A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö H ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿ Ó¯ÿö’ÿæ `ÿæàÿç AæÓçdç > F{†ÿ àÿºæ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö ¨{Àÿ þš ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö Üÿ] ØÎ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿ]ô> {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Lÿò~Óç A$öœÿê†ÿçj' ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ' Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ þ;ÿ¯ÿ¿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Ó ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö Lÿ~ †ÿæÜÿæ ¯ëÿlæB$æ;ÿç F¯ÿó FÜÿæÀÿ FLÿ œÿç’ÿ}Î Óójæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > Lÿç;ëÿ Lÿçdç Óþß ¨{Àÿ {ÓÜÿç A$öœÿê†ÿçj f~Zÿ œÿçf ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$ç¯ÿæ ÓójæLëÿ {œÿB AÓ;ëÿÎ f~æ ¨xÿ;ÿç > {Ó Aœëÿµÿ¯ÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {¾ {Ó ¾æÜÿæ `ÿæÜëÿô$#{àÿ †ÿæÜÿæ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ FLÿ ¯ÿç`ÿç†ÿ÷ ×ç†ÿç {¾ ' ¯ÿçLÿæÉ 'Àÿ A$ö ØÎ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¯ÿçœÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾æfœÿæ, ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ, ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿê†ÿç H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿDdç F¯ÿó ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿæþ{Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ {’ÿÉ A{œÿLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ S†ÿç¯ÿç™ç H Lÿ澿öLÿÁÿæ¨ `ÿÁÿæ¾æDdç > FÜÿæLëÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ×ç†ÿç {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Lÿò~Óç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç {¾Dô ×æœÿLëÿ ¾ç¯ÿæLëÿ `ÿæ{Üÿô {ÓÜÿç ×æœÿÀÿ œÿæþ H ’ÿçS †ÿæLëÿ ØÎ œÿ$æF , FÜÿæ Ó{ˆÿ´ÿ {Ó AS÷ÓÀÿ ÜëÿF > AæD {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç ¯ÿç`ÿç†ÿ÷ ×ç†ÿç DŒŸ ÜëÿF {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Ó œÿçfÀÿ S;ÿ¯ÿ¿ ×æœÿÀÿ ¯ÿç¨Àÿê†ÿ ’ÿçS AæxÿLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ ÜëÿF > AæfçLÿæàÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ {œÿB vÿçLÿ FÜÿç µÿÁÿç ×ç†ÿç œÿçþ}†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç >
Óþõ•ç ¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ É±ÿæ¯ÿÁÿêÀÿ ’ÿ´ç™æ ?
Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç LÿÜÿ;ëÿ ¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ - FÜÿç ’ëÿBsç{Àÿ {LÿDô ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿê ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ FÜÿæLëÿ {œÿB A$öœÿêˆÿö çj þæ{œÿ ’ÿ´ç™æ{Àÿ Ad;ÿç > Óæ™æÀÿ~ Lÿ$æö¯ÿæˆÿö æö{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç H Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ , Dµÿß É±ÿLëÿ {SæsçF A$ö{Àÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > Ó¯ÿö ¨÷${þ ¨÷{üÿÓÀÿ Óë¸çsÀÿ 1911 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ (Theory of Economic Development)œÿæþLÿ FLÿ Aæ{àÿQ¿ {àÿQç Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç †ÿ$æ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þš{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨÷{µÿ’ÿLëÿ ØÎ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > †ÿæ ¨Àÿ vÿæÀëÿ A{œÿLÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ SëxÿçLÿ þš{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨æ$öLÿ¿ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ {àÿQçd;ÿç >
¨÷{üÿÓÀÿ Lÿçƒàÿ ¯ÿföÀÿZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•çÀÿ †ÿ挾¿ö {Üÿàÿæ A™çLÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ > {†ÿ{¯ÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ Dµÿß Lÿ$æ Óæþçàÿ ÀÿÜÿç$æF > A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ, †ÿ$æ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê F¯ÿó Óó×æS†ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ > {†ÿ~ë Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ FLÿ ¯ÿçÖõ†ÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ A{s >
Fvÿæ{Àÿ þš ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç FLÿÿ Af¯ÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™æµÿæÌ þš{Àÿ S†ÿç LÿÀëÿdç > Technically Óþõ•ç H ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ™æÀÿ~æ ¨÷{µÿ’ÿLëÿ
Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ´ ÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ Óþõ•ç H ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ {SæsçF A$ö{Àÿ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {Óþæ{œÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Aæß H DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯õÿ•ç vÿæÀëÿ þ™¿ AæSÀÿ fçœÿçÌ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ Lëÿ †ÿæLëÿ Aæß H DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯õÿ•ç Àëÿ¨{Àÿ Üÿ] ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > ¯ÿçµÿçŸ A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {¾Dô ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌæ ¯ÿæ Óójæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç , {Ó Ó¯ëÿÀÿ ÓæÀÿLÿ$æ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿDdç FLÿ F¨Àÿç ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ ¾æÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ’ÿêWö LÿæÁÿ ™Àÿç {SæsçF {’ÿÉÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ÉNÿç F¯ÿó ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ Ó¯ÿö’ÿæ ¯õÿ•ç {ÜÿæB$æF F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ¨í¯ÿö †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ Daÿ fê¯ÿœÿ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ ¨Üÿó`ÿç$æF > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ {Óþæ{œÿ Óþõ•çÀÿë AàÿSæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô `ÿæÜÿæ;ÿç {†ÿ{àÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > {Óþæ{œÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçÖõ†ÿ Aæ™æÀÿ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿçÉæÁÿ Aæßæþ (Dimenesion){’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ `ÿæÜëÿô$#{àÿ Óë•æ F¨Àÿç LÿÀÿç ¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç ¯õÿ•ç Àëÿ¨{Àÿ œÿ þæœëÿ $ç{àÿ Óë•æ {Óþæ{œÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ , ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ H A¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿæfœÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > FÜÿæLëÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçxÿºœÿæ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾ç¯ÿ {¾, {SæsçF ¨ä{Àÿ {Óþæ{œÿ LÿÜÿ;ÿç {¾ FÜÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œëÿ{Üÿô AæD Aœÿ¿ ¨ä{Àÿ ¾æÜÿæ œÿæÜÿ] †ÿæLëÿ Üÿ] {Óþæ{œÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àëÿ{¨ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÓóLÿÿÅÿœÿæ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ÓþÖ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ FALÿ A—ëÿ†ÿ µÿ÷þ FÜÿó ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™æµÿæÓ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæ¨ ¯ÿæ Óí`ÿLÿ
(Measurement or indices of Development )
¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö F¯ÿó ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌê ¯ÿæ Óójæ vÿæÀëÿ þš ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæ¨ F¯ÿó Ó`ÿLÿ ( Ó{Zÿ†ÿLÿ)SëxÿçLëÿ {œÿB ÀÿÜÿçdç > ¾’ÿç F¨Àÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æF {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæ¨ F¯ÿó Óí`ÿLÿÀÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿÀëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö ¯ÿæ ÓójæÀÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿ DŒŸ {ÜÿæBdç {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ þš FÜÿæLëÿ µëÿàÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô >
Fvÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷ɧ D{vÿ {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Lÿ~ ÓóQ¿æŠLÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ þ¨æ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ ? ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ ÓóQ¿æŠLÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ þ¨æ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > F¨Àÿç þæœÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ AæD FLÿ ¨÷ɧ DŒŸ ÜëÿF ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç F¯ÿó {LÿDô þ樒ÿƒ{Àÿ þ¨æ ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ ? A$æö†ÿ {ÓÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿ ¯ÿæ Ó{Zÿ†ÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿ Lÿ~ ¾æÜÿæLëÿ {’ÿQç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ {¾ {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæDdç Lÿç œÿæÜÿçô AæD ¾’ÿç {ÜÿæBdç {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Lÿ{†ÿ {ÜÿæBdç ? Óþß -Óþß{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô A{œÿLÿ Óí`ÿLÿÀÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ þš ’ÿçAæ¾æBdç > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿæÀÿ Óêþæ (Limitation) Lëÿ þš fæ~ç ÀÿQç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {†ÿ~ë Fvÿæ{Àÿ Aæ{þ Óó{ä¨{Àÿ Lÿçdç ¨÷þëQ Óí`ÿLÿ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Óí`ÿœÿæ {’ÿDdë > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Óí`ÿLÿ ¯ÿæ Ó{Zÿ†ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ Aæ{þ ’ëÿBsç {É÷~ê{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿNÿ LÿÀÿç$æD > (1) Aæ$#öLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ (2) A~ Aæ$#öLÿ Óí`ÿL > ÿ
Aæ$#öLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ
(Economic Indicator)
1. S÷Ó xÿ{þÎçLÿ ¨÷xÿLÿu ( Gross Domestic Product)
Lëÿ{f{œÿsÓ , {þßÀÿ H ¯ÿæàúÿxÿ¯ÿçœÿZÿ ¨Àÿç Lÿçdç A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨çLëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó{¯ÿæöˆÿþ Óí`ÿLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {ÓþæœÿZÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç {Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Aæ{þ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ’ÿÀÿLëÿ þæ¨ç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ > FLÿ œÿç’ÿ}Î Óêþæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ fçxÿç¨ç ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ D¨¾ëNÿ þ樒ÿƒ {ÜÿæB$#{àÿ Óë•æ FÜÿæLëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿÀÿ A{œÿLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {’ÿæÌ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {Ó Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ œÿçþ§{Àÿ ¯ÿ~öœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
(i) ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉÀÿ fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæ ¯õÿ•ç †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ ¾’ÿç {’ÿÉÀÿ fœÿÓóQ¿æ A™#Lÿ †ÿê¯ÿ÷ ’ÿÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç ÜëÿF {†ÿ{¯ÿ fçxÿç¨ç, ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿÀÿ {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ ¨í¯ÿö †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ Lÿþç¾ç¯ÿ > F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ ¾’ÿç Aæ{þ {WæÌ~æ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {¾ DNÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæBdç, {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæLëÿ œÿçÊÿç†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ÜÿæÓ¿æØ’ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾ç¯ÿ >
(ii) FÜÿæ þš Ó»¯ÿ {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ {¾ fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ™œÿê ¯ÿ¿NÿçZÿ Aæß ¯õÿ•ç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ {ÜÿæB$æB ¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ fçxÿç¨çÀëÿ Aæß ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç Óí`ÿœÿæ þçÁÿç ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
(iii) ¾’ÿç fçxÿç¨çÀÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¾ë• ÓæþS÷êÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯õÿ•ç {¾æSëô {ÜÿæB$æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ FÜÿæLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
2. ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç -
A™#LÿæóÉ A$öœÿê†ÿçj ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ ¯õÿ•çLëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó{¯ÿæöˆÿþ, ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ H Óë¯ÿç™æfœÿLÿ þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > Lÿçƒàÿ¯ÿföÀÿ, {þßÀÿ, ÜÿçèÿçÓ, {Üÿæ{¯ÿö {àÿ{¯ÿÎçœÿ, xÿ¯ÿâ&ë.F. {àÿµÿçÓ . f¿æLÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿæBœÿÀÿ Aæ’ÿç A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ DNÿ þ†ÿ {¨æÌ~ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > þçÁÿç†ÿ fæ†ÿçÓóW þš FÜÿç þæ¨Lëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿçdç > ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨çLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ fœÿÓóQ¿æ ¯õÿ•çÀÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ D¨{Àÿ þš ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ {ÜÿæB¾æB$æF > LÿæÀÿ~ fçÝç¨ç{Àÿ {þæs fœÿ ÓóQ¿æLëÿ µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Üÿçô ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç œÿç™æöÀÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç þ樒ÿƒ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç þš AÓ¸í‚ÿö þ樒ÿƒ A{s F¯ÿó F$#{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿæÌ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FSëxÿçLÿ þš{Àÿ
(i) {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ{þ ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨çLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç {œÿD {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ{þ A{œÿLÿ $Àÿ ¯ÿç`ÿç†ÿ÷ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç {’ÿB S†ÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ稒ÿ {’ÿQæ ¾æB$æF > ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉÀÿ fœÿÓóQ¿æ F¯ÿó fçxÿç¨ç Óþæœÿ ’ÿÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç ÜëÿF {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾ DNÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæB œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉÀÿ fœÿÓóQ¿æ Lÿþç ¾æF, Lÿç;ëÿ fçxÿç¨ç ×çÀÿ Àÿ{Üÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿõÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾ DNÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæBdç >
(ii) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç FLÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç þæ¨ A{s > {†ÿ~ë ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ FÜÿæ Ó»¯ÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ {¾ ™œÿê ¯ÿ¿Nÿç AæÜëÿÀÿç ™œÿê {Üÿ¯ÿ F¯ÿó SÀÿê¯ÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç AæÜëÿÀÿç SÀÿê¯ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > ¾’ÿç ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç ™œÿê ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aæß{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {¾æSëô {ÜÿæB$æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ Óæ™æÀÿ~ ¯ÿ¿NÿçZÿÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {†ÿ~ë ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ ¯õÿ•çLëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ Lÿ{àÿ µÿ÷þ DŒŸ {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ >
(iii) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç D¨{µÿæS (Consumption) Àÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ {Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > F¨Àÿç {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ {¾ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ A™#Lÿ Óó`ÿß LÿÀÿ;ÿç A$¯ÿæ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿ ¯ÿëÿ$#¯ÿæ AæßLëÿ {ÓðœÿçLÿ D{”É¿{Àÿ Qa ÿöLÿÀÿç {’ÿB ¨æÀÿ;ÿç >
(iv) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç {Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ þš {’ÿÉÀÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ Óêþæ {ÀÿQæ †ÿ{Áÿ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
fçxÿç¨ç F¯ÿó ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç Dµÿß {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ Óêþæ
D¨{Àÿ Aæ{þ fçxÿç¨ç F¯ÿó ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨çLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ {’ÿæÌ H †ÿøsç ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Aæ{þ A¯ÿS†ÿ LÿÀÿæBàÿë > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ FÜÿç ’ëÿB þ樒ÿƒÀÿ Lÿçdç F¨Àÿç FLÿ Óêþæ ÀÿÜÿçdç {¾Dô LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ fçxÿç¨ç F¯ÿó ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨çLëÿ Ó¯ÿö þæœÿ¿ þ樒ÿƒ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
(i) fçxÿç¨çÀÿ Ó¯ÿöþæœÿ¿ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌæ ¯ÿæ Óójæ œÿçÀíÿ¨ç†ÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæLëÿ S~œÿæ Lÿàÿæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ LÿæÜÿæLëÿ Óæþçàÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ F¯ÿó LÿæÜÿæLÿë Óæþçàÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] FÜÿç ¨÷ɧÀÿ Ó{;ÿæÌfœÿLÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ Óë•æ {Qæfæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿçô >
(ii) ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉÀÿ fçxÿç¨ç S~œÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ- A{þò’ÿ÷çLÿ {ä†ÿ÷ Lÿë S~œÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] > Ó´-D¨{µÿæS †ÿ$æ ¯ÿfæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçœÿçþß ¨æBô œÿçAæ œÿ ¾æD$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæLëÿ ÀÿæÎ÷êß Aæß{Àÿ vçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ S~œÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ µÿÁÿç {’ÿÉ{Àÿ Sæô SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ Aæfç þ™¿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ -{œÿ¯ÿæ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ þë’ÿ÷æ ¯ÿçœÿçþß ¯ÿçœÿæ ÜëÿF > LõÿÌLÿ Qæ’ÿ¿ ÉÓ¿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿ{Àÿ Lÿ¨xÿæ, ¯ÿæÓœÿ, Lÿævÿ ÓæþS÷ê †ÿ$æ Aœÿ¿ {Ó¯ÿæ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç$æF > FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿ ¯ÿÖë ¯ÿfæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿ÷ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB œÿ$æF > üÿÁÿ{Àÿ F SëxÿçLÿÀÿ S~œÿæ {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] H FÜÿæ fæ†ÿêß Aæß{Àÿ þçÉç ¨æÀÿç œÿ$æF >
{ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç A{¯ÿð†ÿœÿçLÿ {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ S~œÿæ þ™¿ fæ†ÿêß Aæß{Àÿ {ÜÿæB œÿ$æF > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àëÿ¨ - {Àÿæ{ÌB LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ, àÿëSæ Óüÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ, WÀÿ Óüÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Aæ’ÿç Lÿ澿ö ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç `ÿæLÿÀÿæ~ê {¯ÿ†ÿœÿ {œÿB Lÿ{Àÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿç {Ó¯ÿæ fæ†ÿêß Aæß{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ ¾’ÿç FÜÿç Lÿ澿ö SõÜÿç~ê þæ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæ fæ†ÿêß Aæß{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {SæsçF µÿÁÿç {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {Üÿ{àÿ þ™¿ {SæsçF {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ FÜÿæ fæ†ÿêß Aæß{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ Aœÿ¿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ FÜÿæ fæ†ÿêß Aæß{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ ÜëÿF œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ Óë•æ {Lÿò~Óç Ó{;ÿæÌfœÿLÿ DˆÿÀÿ {Qæfæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿ] > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç ¨÷ÉæÓœÿçLÿ H ¨÷†ÿçÀÿäæ {Ó¯ÿæ SëxÿçLëÿ fæ†ÿêß Aæß{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ F{¯ÿ þ™¿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
(iii) ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉÀÿ fçxÿç¨ç S~œÿæ {ÓÜÿç {’ÿÉÀÿ þë’ÿ÷æ{Àÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉÀÿ fçxÿç¨ç S~œÿæ Lÿàÿæ Óþß{Àÿ †ÿæZëÿ {Lÿò~Óç FLÿ þë’ÿ÷æ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF F¯ÿó FB$#¨æBô ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¯ÿçœÿçþß ’ÿÀÿÀÿ ÿ ÓæÜÿ澿 {œÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF > Lç;ëÿ {Lÿò~Óç ¯ÿçœÿçþß ’ÿÀÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿçô >
(iv) ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç S~œÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ þíàÿ¿{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ A{œÿLÿ ÓþÓ¿æ {’ÿQæ ’ÿçF >
(v) AÅÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ Sëx çLÿÀÿ fçxÿç¨çÀÿ †ÿ$¿ AÓ¸í‚ÿö , A¯ÿçÉ´Óœÿêß †ÿ$æ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ vÿæÀëÿ Lÿþ þçÁÿç$æF > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿç †ÿ$¿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ vÿçLÿ þæ¨ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
(vi) A{œÿLÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ F¨Àÿç þ™¿ {’ÿQæ ¾æB$æF {¾ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ œÿçfÀÿ Aæß ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô F¨Àÿç Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó´æ׿ ¨÷†ÿç QÀÿæ¨ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ ¨xÿç$æF > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ Aæß ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {¯ÿ{Áÿ {¯ÿÁÿ F¨Àÿç D¨æß A¯ÿàÿºþœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Óþæf{Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H ÓæþæfçLÿ F¯ÿó Aœÿ¿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ÓþÓ¿æ þ™¿ DŒŸ {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ >
FÜÿç Ó¯ÿë Óêþæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ A{œÿLÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj fçxÿç¨ç H ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç Dµÿß þ™¿Àëÿ {SæsçF {Üÿ{àÿ Lëÿ þ™¿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ vÿçLÿ þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç œÿæÜÿ] >
3. ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç D¨{µÿæS -
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A;ÿçþ àÿä¿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿÖÀÿLëÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {¯ÿæàÿç Lÿçdç ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > D¨{µÿæS ¨æBô D¨àÿ² ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ D¨{Àÿ fê¯ÿœÖÀÿÀÿ ¯õÿ•ç œÿçµÿöÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > {†ÿ~ë ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç D¨{µÿæS ÖÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó{¯ÿæöˆÿþ þ樒ÿƒ A{s > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿç þæ¨Àÿ þ™¿ œÿçfÀÿ FLÿ ÓþÓ¿æ ÀÜÿçdç > ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ {’ÿÉLëÿ µÿ¯ÿçÌ¿†ÿ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨íqç Óó`ÿß LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF F¯ÿó FB$# ¨æBô D¨{µÿæS (Consumption) Lëÿ Lÿþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF > ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉ œÿçfÀÿ D¨{µÿæS Lÿþ LÿÀÿç Óó`ÿß H ¨íqç œÿçþöæ~{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç Lÿ{Àÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç D¨{µÿæS ÖÀÿLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ AæLÿæÀÿ{Àÿ {œÿ{àÿ {ÓÜÿç {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿDdç {¯ÿæàÿç ™Àÿæ¾ç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > Aœÿ¿ ¨ä{Àÿ ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ œÿçfÀÿ D¨{µÿæS ÖÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç Lÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó †ÿæÀÿ Óó`ÿß F¯ÿó ¨íqç œÿçþöæ~ Lÿþ {ÜÿæB¾æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ µÿ¯ÿçÌ¿†ÿ{Àÿ {ÓÜÿç {’ÿÉ{Àÿ {þæs DŒæ’ÿœÿ Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿæÀÿ AæÉZÿæ þ™¿ ÓõÎç {ÜÿæB$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç D¨{µÿæSÀÿ ÖÀÿLëÿ ¾’ÿç þ樒ÿƒ AæLÿæÀÿ{Àÿ S÷Üÿ~ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ DNÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæBdç {¯ÿæàÿç ™Àÿæ¾ç¯ÿ >
4- Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~
Lÿçdç ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ þæ{œÿZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~ Üÿ] Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó{¯ÿæöˆÿþ þ樒ÿƒ {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ > Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁ F†ÿçLÿç {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] {¾ Lÿÿ~ F¯ÿó {Lÿ{†ÿ ¨Àÿçþæ~{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {ÜÿæBdç > Fvÿæ{Àÿ FÜÿæ þ™¿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {LÿDô ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ {ÜÿDdç †ÿ$æ FÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ Lÿç¨Àÿç {ÜDdç > Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~{Àÿ F ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ þ™¿ ™¿æœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ {¾Dô-{¾Dô ¯ÿÖëÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç †ÿæÀÿ †ëÿÁÿœÿæŠLÿ þÜÿˆÿ´ {Lÿ{†ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç ?
FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ F$#{Àÿ þíàÿ¿æŠLÿ œÿçшÿç (Value Judgment) {œ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > vÿçLÿ FÜÿç ¨Àÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯ÿ¿ß
D¨{Àÿ þ™¿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > ¾’ÿçH Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~Àÿ þ樒ÿƒ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A™#Lÿ D¨¾ëëNÿ þ樒ÿƒ A{s, {†ÿ{¯ÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ FÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > FÜÿæÀÿ LÿæÀÿ~ ’ÿÉöæB Fþæ{œÿ LÿÜÿçd;ÿç {¾ þíàÿ¿æŠLÿ œÿçшÿç , œÿ¿æߨí‚ÿö ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~, ÓæþæfçLÿ àÿæS†ÿ- Aæ’ÿç A{œÿLÿ Lÿ$æ ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæLëÿ S~œÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿÀÿçLÿ ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Që¯ÿ Lÿvÿçœÿ A{s > {†ÿ~ë Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~ Lëÿ A¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB dæxÿç ’ÿçAæ¾æBdç >
5- Óþæ{¾æfç†ÿ S÷Ó œÿ¿æÓœÿæàÿ ¨÷xÿLÿu þæ¨ -- (Adjusted GNP Measure)
¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ þ™¿{Àÿ †ëÿÁÿœÿæŠLÿ A™¿ßœÿ ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Lÿçdç A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ Óþæ{ßæfç†ÿ {þæs fæ†ÿêß DŒæ’ÿLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç > FÜÿç þæ¨ þæšþ{Àÿ fæ†ÿêß AæßÀÿ ÜÿçÓæ¯ÿLëÿ Óþæ{¾æfç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Lÿ÷ßÉNÿç Óþ†ÿæÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~Lëÿ FLÿ A™#Lÿ µÿÁÿ þæ¨ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {œÿæ{™æöÓ F¯ÿó s¯ÿçœÿ S÷Ó œÿ¿æÓœÿæàÿ ¨÷xÿLÿuÀÿ Óþæ{¾æfœÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > FB$# ¨æBô fçFœÿ¨ç{Àÿ ÓëÀÿäæ ¯ÿ¿ß F¯ÿó ÓÜÿÀÿêLÿÀÿ~Àÿ AÓë¯ÿç™æSëxÿçLÿ ¨æBô Aœëÿþæœÿç†ÿ ÀÿæÉçLëÿ ¯ÿæ’ÿ {’ÿB {Óvÿæ{Àÿ AæÀÿæþ F¯ÿó ¯ÿ¿$ö Qaÿö SëxÿçLëÿ dæxÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ D¨{µÿæNÿæ ¯ÿÖë F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ þíàÿ¿Lëÿ F$#{Àÿ {fæxÿæ ¾æB$æF > {Óþæ{œÿ Éçäæ F¯ÿó Ó´æ׿Lëÿ D¨{µÿæS ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æS D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿ß Àíÿ{¨ ¯ÿSêöLÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿç þ樒ÿƒ{Àÿ þš fæ†ÿêß Aæß þæ¨ç¯ÿæÀÿ Óêþæ ÀÿÜÿçdç FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ fæ†ÿêß AæÀÿ Óþæ{¾æfœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ÓÀÿÁÿ Lÿæþ œëÿ{Üÿô >
6. Aœÿ¿ þ樒ÿƒ (Other measure)
D¨Àÿ àÿçQç†ÿ þ樒ÿƒ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ Lÿçdç ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ þæ{œÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Aœÿ¿ {Lÿ{†ÿLÿ þ樒ÿƒ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ {þæs fœÿÓóQ¿æÀÿ œÿç™öœÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿZÿÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FLÿ þ樒ÿƒ {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿç A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæœÿZÿ þ†ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæÀÿ àÿæµÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZëÿ þçÁÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > > xÿ. µÿç.{Lÿ.AæÀÿ.µÿç ÀÿæHZÿ þ†ÿ{Àÿ ¾’ÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZëÿ àÿæµÿ œÿ þçÁëÿdç {†ÿ{¯ÿ {ÓµÿÁÿç Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
{Lÿæàÿçœÿ LÿâæLÿöZÿ µÿÁÿç ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÓæßçLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ {Àÿ Ó´Àëÿ¨{Àÿ AæÓë$#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > †ÿæZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÓæßçLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ {ä†ÿ÷Àÿ AóÉ Lÿþ {ÜÿæB¾æF F¯ÿó ’ÿ´ç†ÿêßLÿ F¯ÿó †õÿ†ÿêßLÿ {ä†ÿ÷Àÿ AóÉ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæ{S {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ DNÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿDdç {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > Lÿçdç A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæ{œÿ¨íqç œÿçþæö~Àÿ ’ÿÀÿ (Rate) Lëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö þæ¨ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > {ÓþæœÿZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¨íqç DŒæ’ÿLÿ†ÿæ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö þ樒ÿƒ {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿç Lÿ÷þ{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç þæœÿ¯ÿW+æ DŒæ’ÿLÿ†ÿæLëÿ þš ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Óí`ÿLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Lÿçdç ¨Àÿç{¯ÿɯÿç†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô GDBRC(Growth Destruction of Basic Resources)œÿæþLÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ þ樒ÿƒÀÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç >
Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿç ÓþÖ þ樒ÿƒ FLÿ ¨äæß A{s > FÓ¯ëÿ þ樒ÿƒ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ †ÿ$æ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ þ¨æ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ {¯ÿæàÿç FLÿ A;ÿœÿ}Üÿç†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ Lÿæþ Lÿ{Àÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Aæßæþ (Dimension) SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó µÿæ¯ÿfS†ÿÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ-- †ÿ$¿Lëÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ D{¨äæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB AæÓëAdç >
A~ Aæ$#öLÿ (ÓæþæfçLÿ ) Óí`ÿLÿ
( Non Economic (Social) Index)
ÓæþæfçLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ Àëÿ{¨ ¯ÿ‚ÿö œÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > þëQ¿ ÓæþæfçLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿ þš{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ fçœÿçÌ Óæþçàÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {ÓSëxÿçLÿ þš{Àÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¨÷†ÿ¿æÉæ--, Lÿ¿æ{àÿæÀÿê ¨æœÿ, ÉçÉë þõ†ÿ¿&ë ’ÿÀÿ, ¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿßÀÿ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ {É÷~ê SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ µÿ†ÿ} ÓóQ¿æ, Aæ¯ÿæÓ, {¨æÌ~, Ó´æ׿ †ÿ$æ F¨Àÿç þæœÿ¯ÿÀÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÓÜÿ Ó¸Lÿö $#¯ÿæ fçœÿçÌ > FÜÿæÀÿ Ó¼çÁÿç†ÿ œÿæþ {Üÿàÿæ - Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ (Basic Need Approch) > ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Svÿç†ÿ ¨÷$þ þçÉœÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ ÓZÿÅÿœÿæ ’ÿçAæ¾æB$#àÿæ > 1970 þÓçÜÿæÀëÿ FÜÿæ A†ÿ¿;ÿ {àÿæLÿ¨÷çß {ÜÿæB$#àÿæ > 1976 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ É÷þ Óèÿvÿœÿ (ILO) þš FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lëÿ ¨÷Óç•ç ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$#àÿæ > FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Àÿ þëQ¿ D{”É¿ {Üÿàÿæ É÷þÀÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿ†ÿæ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ {àÿæLÿZÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ Lëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ > FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô A{œÿLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > FÜÿæ œÿçþ§ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ A{s >
1. ÓæþæfçLÿ {àÿQæ ¨÷~æÁÿê (Social Accounting System)
{Îæœÿ F¯ÿó ÓçßÓö FÜÿç ¨÷~æÁÿêLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > FÜÿç Lÿ÷þ{Àÿ ¨çßss F¯ÿó ÀÿæDƒ þš Social Accounting Matrix œÿæþLÿ FLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > Aœÿ¿ ¨÷~æÁÿê SëxÿçLÿ ¨Àÿç FÜÿç ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ þš A{þLÿ {’ÿæÌ †ÿøsç ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿç ¨÷~êÁÿêÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ †ÿøsç {Üÿàÿæ {¾ F$# œÿçþ{;ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Óœÿêß †ÿ$¿ þçÁÿç¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ F$#{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÓþÖ ¨ä SëxÿçLëÿ FLÿævÿç LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ þš Që¯ÿ LÿÎLÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨æÀÿ A{s >
2- Óó¾ëNÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ (Composite Social Development Index)
ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ D¨{Àÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ þçÁÿç†ÿ fæ†ÿçÓóWÀÿ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ Óó×æœÿ (UNRISD) ’ÿ´æÀÿæ FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#àÿæ > ¨÷$þ{Àÿ F$#{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô 73 sç Óí`ÿLÿ fæó`ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#àÿæ F¯ÿó {ÉÌ{Àÿ 16 sç Óí`ÿLÿ Àÿ `ÿßœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#àÿæ > FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿ {Üÿàÿæ -
(i) fœÿ½ Óþß{Àÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¨÷†ÿ¿æÉæ (Life expectancy), (ii) 20,000¯ÿæ FÜÿæ vÿæÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ÓóQ¿æ ¯ÿçÉçÎ Aó`ÿÁÿ{Àÿ fœÿÓóQ¿æ ¯õÿ•çÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ, (iii) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¨÷†ÿç ’ÿçœÿ ¨Éë {¨÷æsçœÿÀÿ D¨{µÿæS (iv) ¨÷æ$þçLÿ H þæšþçLÿ ÖÀÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ µÿ†ÿ} {ÜÿæB$ç¯ÿæ ¯ÿç’ÿ¿æ$êö þæœÿZÿÀÿ {þæs ÓóQ¿æ (v) ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÓæßçLÿ µÿ†ÿ} Aœëÿ¨æ†ÿ, (vi) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿQÀÿæ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç ¯ÿ¿NÿçZÿ ÓóQ¿æ , (vii) ¨÷†ÿç 1,000 fœÿÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ Óºæ’ÿ¨†ÿ÷, (viii) ¯ÿç’ÿ¿&ë†ÿ , S¿æÓ . fÁÿ Aæ’ÿç $#¯ÿæ Aæ$#öLÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ ÓLÿ÷çß fœÿÓóQ¿æÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ, (ix) ¨÷†ÿç ¨ëÀëÿÌ LõÿÌç- É÷þçLÿ LõÿÌç DŒæ’ÿœÿ , (x) LõÿÌç{Àÿ ¯ÿßÔÿ ¨ëÀëÿÌ É÷þçLÿZÿ ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ. (xi) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Lÿç{àÿæH´æs ¯ÿç’ÿ¿&ë†ÿ D¨{µÿæS , (xii) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Lÿç{àÿæS÷æþ BØæ†ÿ D¨{µÿæS,
(xiii) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ÉNÿç D¨{µÿæS (xiv) ¯ÿçœÿçþæö~ Lÿ澿ö {Àÿ ¨÷æ© fçxÿç¨ç (¨÷†ÿçɆÿ{Àÿ), (xv) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¯ÿæ~çf¿ . (xvi) Aæ$#öLÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ÓLÿ÷çß {þæs fœÿÓóQ¿æÀÿ {¯ÿ†ÿœÿ F¯ÿó þfëÀÿê{Àÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿZÿ ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ
D¨{ÀÿæNÿ Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ {’ÿQçàÿæ þæ{†ÿ÷ FÜÿæ ØÎ {ÜÿDdç {¾ FSëxÿçLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ樒ÿƒ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > F$#{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ †ÿøsç ÀÿÜÿçdç > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ FÜÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæŠLÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö Bœÿ¨ësÛ Lëÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ A™#Lÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ ¾æBdç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ F$#{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ Fþç†ÿç þš Adç ¾æÜÿæÀÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ Ó¢ÿµÿö (Reference){Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç A$ö œÿæÜÿ] > ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ F$#{Àÿ FLÿ A;ÿœÿ}Üÿç†ÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç {¾ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZëÿ AæfçÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ µÿÁÿç {ÓÜÿç ’ÿçS{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ , ¾æÜÿæ AÓ»¯ÿ, A¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ F¯ÿó Aœëÿ¨{¾æSê A{s >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þçÁÿç†ÿ Óí`ÿLÿÀÿ FÜÿç Lÿ÷þ{Àÿ Üÿ] 1966 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ xÿ÷çßëœÿ¯ÿÔÿç (Drewnowsky) F¯ÿó Ôÿs (Scott) fê¯ÿœÿ Óí`ÿLÿ ÖÀÿ (Level of Living Index ) œÿæþLÿ FLÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ þ樒ÿƒÀÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ {’ÿB$#{àÿ > fê¯ÿœÿ Óí`ÿLÿ ÖÀÿLëÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀÿ Ó;ëÿÌcç ÖÀÿ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#àÿæ > FÜÿæLëÿ ÓþßÀÿ FLÿ œÿç’ÿ}Î FLÿLÿ þš{Àÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿæ¾æD$#¯ÿæ {Ó¯ÿæ H ¯ÿÖëÀÿ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þ¨æ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ> F$#{Àÿ þ~çÌÀÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ Lëÿ ’ëÿB µÿæS{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿNÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > {µÿò†ÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ (Physical need) {¾¨Àÿç {¨æÌ~ , WÀÿ Ó´æ׿ , œÿçÀÿ樈ÿæ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç H ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ (Cultural needs) {¾¨Àÿç Éçäæ , AæÀÿæþ H œÿçÀÿ樈ÿæ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç >
3- {µÿò†ÿçLÿ Së~¯ÿˆÿæÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ Óí`ÿLÿ (Physical Quality of Life Index: PQLI )
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿLëÿ 1979 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ {þæÀÿçÓ xÿç {þæÀÿçÓ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > FÜÿæ þš{Àÿ †ÿç{œÿæsç Óí`ÿLÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ Lÿ$æ LÿëÜÿæ¾æB$#àÿê > 1- FLÿ ¯ÿÌö ¯ÿßÓ þš{Àÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¨÷†ÿ¿æÉæ--, 2-ÉçÉë þõ†ÿ¿&ë . 3-Ó´æäÀÿ†ÿæ
FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿ þš AÓ¸í‚ÿö A{s > LÿæÀÿ~ F$#{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ H þ{œÿæ{¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ Óæþçàÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB œÿæÜÿ] > {¾¨Àÿç œÿçÀÿ樈ÿæ, œÿ¿æß H þæœÿ¯ÿçLÿ A™#LÿæÀÿ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç >
4- Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•çÀÿ ¯ÿç{É̈ÿ´ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ Lëÿf{œÿsÛZÿ ¯ÿç{ÉâÌ~
Lëÿf{œÿsÓ Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•çÀÿ Óæ†ÿsç þëQ¿ ¯ÿç{É̈ÿ´ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ Aæ{àÿæLÿ¨æ†ÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç >
(i) ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ †ÿê¯ÿ÷ ’ÿÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç, (ii) DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ Daÿ ¯õÿ•ç ’ÿÀÿ, (iii) ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæŠLÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿÀÿ Daÿ ’ÿÀÿ, (iv) ÉÜÿÀÿêLÿÀÿ~ F¯ÿó ÉçÅÿæßœÿ , (v) ÓæþæfçLÿ H {¯ÿð`ÿæÀÿçLÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ, (vi) Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ AæxÿLëÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæÀÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~, (vii)
{µÿò†ÿçLÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß ¨íqçÀÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ œíÿAæ þ樒ÿƒ -þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ
(A New Measure of Development : Human Development Index )
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ þ樒ÿƒ H Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ {œÿB `ÿæàÿç$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö {Ó{†ÿ {¯ÿ{Áÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ {þæxÿ {œÿB$#àÿæ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ 1990 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ {Üÿàÿæ > FÜÿç Àÿç{¨æsö{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ (Human Development Index) œÿæþ{Àÿ FLÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ þ樒ÿƒÀÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æB$#àÿæ > þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ FÜÿç ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ {¾ fœÿÓæ™æÀÿÀÿ~Zëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿµÿæSê {Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > ×çÀÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç vÿæÀëÿ AæSLëÿ ¾æB ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~, ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿê†ÿç ÓÜÿ fxÿç†ÿ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö H Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæLëÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö Àíÿ{¨ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ AæÀÿ» Lÿàÿæ~ç > F{¯ÿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ œÿçfÀÿ ÀÿæÎ÷Àÿ Ó´ˆÿ´ Lëÿ `ÿçÜÿ§ç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿêöß `ÿç;ÿæLëÿ fæ†ÿêß œÿê†ÿçÀÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷¯ÿç¢ëÿ{Àÿ Aæ~ç ÓæÀÿçd;ÿç > ¾’ÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fê¯ÿœÿ{Àÿ ¨ÀÿçàÿLÿäç†ÿ œÿ ÜëÿF {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö Lÿ'~ ? {Qæàÿæ ¯ÿfæÀÿ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ ¯ÿæ~çf¿Àÿ fS†ÿêLÿÀÿ~Àÿ FÜÿç ¾ëS{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZëÿ þçÁëÿ$#¯ÿæ †ëÿÁÿœÿæŠLÿ àÿæµÿ Lÿ~ œÿçf {’ÿÉÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ëÿ•çþ†ÿæ¨í‚ÿö ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æS D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] ? œÿçfLëÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ ¾’ÿç fœÿÓæ™æÀÿ~ µÿæSê’ÿæÀÿ œÿ ÜëÿA;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ Lÿ~ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæLëÿ `ÿÁÿæB ÀÿQç¯ÿæ Lÿ~ Ó»¯ÿ¨Àÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ ? ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óº¤ÿêß ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæ, Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨Àÿ ¨Àÿç`ÿæÁÿœÿæ F¯ÿó DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {¾Dô ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æB AæÓëdç †ÿæÀÿ Lÿ~ Aœÿ¿ Lÿçdç ¯ÿçLÿÅÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] ?FSëxÿçLÿ {ÜÿDdç F¨Àÿç Lÿçdç ¨÷ɧ ¾æÜÿæLëÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö 1995 {Àÿ D†úÿ$樜ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç ¯ÿæ A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æLëÿ œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó Ó¸í‚ÿö Óþæf ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æLëÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ Àÿ{Q > FÜÿæ {`ÿæ{Àÿæsç SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨ú&í‚ÿö þíÁÿ’ëÿAæ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ - DŒæ’ÿLÿ†ÿæ, Óþ†ÿæ, ¯ÿÜÿœÿê߆ÿæ (Sustainibility) F¯ÿó ÉNÿçLÿÀÿ~ > FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ D{”É¿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç FLÿ ¯ÿæ†ÿæ¯ÿÀÿ~ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ {àÿæLÿþæ{œÿ ’ÿêWö Ó´æ׿¯ÿæœÿ †ÿ$æ ÓõfœÿæŠLÿ fê¯ÿœÿ fêBô ¨æÀÿç{¯ÿ > F~ë Fvÿæ{Àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ {¯ÿð`ÿæÀÿçLÿ A™#Ïæœÿ (New Development Paradigm) ¨÷’ÿæœÿ Lÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó {þæs ÀÿæÎ÷êß DŒæ’ÿ ¯ÿçÉçÎ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óç•æ;ÿÀÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçLÿÅÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > FÜÿæ Aæ$öçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ Óç•æ;ÿ †ëÿÁÿœÿæ {Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ A{s >
þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö Aæßæþ SëxÿçLÿ ¨æBô þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿæZÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > F$#{Àÿ {¾Dô †ÿç{œÿæsç Óí`ÿLÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç {ÓSëxÿçLÿ {Üÿàÿæ fê¯ÿœÿ ¨÷†ÿ¿æÉæ ( {¾Dô Óí`ÿLÿ àÿºæ †ÿ$æ Ó´æ׿¯ÿæœÿ fê¯ÿœÿLëÿ ’ÿÉæöF) , {ÉðäçLÿ D¨àÿ²ç ({¾Dô Óí`ÿLÿ jæœÿÀÿ ÖÀÿLëÿ ’ÿÉæöF ) †ÿ$æ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç (¾æÜÿæ FLÿ µÿàÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿÀÿ ÖÀÿLëÿ ’ÿÉæöF ) > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿLëÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿÅÿ AæLÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > AæD F{¯ÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¨÷S†ÿç þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô FÜÿæÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ~ç > F{¯ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Lÿ÷þæZÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ œÿç™æöÀÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç > Lÿç;ëÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ ¨÷{ßæS üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ FLÿ Af¯ÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™æµÿæÓ DŒŸ {ÜÿDdç > ¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨çLëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ Àíÿ{¨ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ {ÜÿæB AæÓëdç F¯ÿó FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Lÿ÷þæZÿ þš ×çÀÿ {ÜÿDdç > ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Lÿ÷þæZÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æB$#¯ÿæ Lÿ÷þæZÿ F¯ÿó ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ œÿçAæ¾æB$#¯ÿæ Lÿ÷þæZÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿê ¨æ$öLÿ¿ {’ÿQæ ¾æDdç > FÜÿç ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™æµÿæÓLëÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ †ÿæàÿçLÿæ{Àÿ ’ÿÉæö¾æBdç >
†ÿæàÿçLÿæ-
¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Lÿ÷þæZ ÿ
{’ÿÉ þæœÿ¯ÿ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ Lÿ÷þæZÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç DŒæ’ÿ Lÿ÷þæZÿ
1. Lÿæœÿæxÿæ 1 8
2. Óó¾ëNÿ Àÿæf¿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ 2 1
3. fæ¨æœÿ 3 8
4. {œÿ’ÿÀÿàÿ¿æƒ 4 20
5. üÿçœÿàÿ¿æƒ 5 24
6. {Øœÿ 9 29
7. Ó´çfÀÿàÿ¿æƒ 13 2
8. fþæöœÿê 15 6
9. ÜÿèÿLÿèÿ 24 10
10.{LÿæÎæÀÿçLÿæ 28 60
11.DÀëÿSëF 32 53
12. Óçèÿæ¨ëÀÿ 35 16
13. ßëœÿæB{sxÿ AæÀÿ¯ÿ Fþç{ÀÿxÿÓ 45 4
14. üÿçfç 46 63
15. µÿæÀÿ†ÿ 134 141
¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨÷ɧ D{vÿ {¾ FÜÿç ’ëÿB þ樒ÿƒ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç F¯ÿó þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ þš{Àÿ {LÿDôsç D¨¾ëNÿ ? ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$öÉæÚ FÜÿæÀÿ {Lÿò~Óç œÿçÊÿç†ÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀëÿœÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿÀÿ ÓêþæLëÿ Ó´ßó þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö{Àÿ Üÿçô Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
F$#{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç {¾ 'FÜÿç þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ - þèÿÁÿÀÿ þæ¨ œëÿ{Üÿô, FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ FÜÿæ ¨÷ÓŸ†ÿæÀÿ þæ¨ þš œëÿ{Üÿô > {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉÀÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç A™#Lÿ µÿàÿ `ÿç†ÿ÷ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ{àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ ÓÜÿ Aœÿ¿ Aœÿ¿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ þš {fæxÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >'
_____________
“It (HDI) is not a measure of well being, nor it is a measure of happiness. To give a more complete picture of human development in any country, the HDI must be supplemented with other important human development indicators.”
_Human Development Report, (1995. p.12)
________
FÜÿç Àÿç{¨æsö{Àÿ AæSLëÿ ¨ë~ç LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç {¾ ' þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óí`ÿLÿ ¾’ÿçH {þæs fæ†ÿêß DŒæ’ÿ (fçFœÿ¨ç) †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ A{s †ÿ$æ¨ç FÜÿæLëÿ þæœÿ¯ÿÀÿ ¨÷S†ÿçLëÿ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô FLÿ A¨í‚ÿö þæ¨ {¯ÿæàÿç ™Àÿæ ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæ ÓÜÿç†ÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¨÷S†ÿçÀÿ Aœÿ¿æœÿ¿ ¨Àÿç~æŠLÿ H Së~æŠLÿ ’ÿçS SëxÿçLëÿ þš F$#{Àÿ {fæxÿæ ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {¾¨Àÿç Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ Ó´æ™#œÿ†ÿæ , ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ ¨÷S†ÿç †ÿ$æ Óë™ëÀÿç$#¯ÿæ {µÿò†ÿçLÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ > '
_____________
“The HDI- though much boarder than GNP – should still be regarded as a partial measure of human progress. It should thus be supplemented by other qualitative and quantitative studies of aspects of human progress, for example, political freedom, cultural progress or improved physical environment.”
- Human Development Report (1995. p 121)
_____________
F$#Àëÿ ØÎ {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö H þæ¨ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ Që¯ÿ µÿ÷þ H ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿ þš{Àÿ Adç > ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$öœÿê†ÿç ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷Öë†ÿ ÓþÖ þæ¨ AÓ¸í‚ÿö , FLÿæèÿê, µÿ÷æþLÿ H {Lÿ{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Lÿ{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ AæŠWæ†ÿê H ¯ÿçœÿæÉLÿæÀÿê Óæ¯ÿ¿Ö {ÜÿDdç > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ þæœÿ¯ÿ þœÿÀÿ þèÿÁÿ F¯ÿó Aæœÿ¢ÿ ÓÜÿ ÓëÓèÿ†ÿ {ÜÿæB¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿçô > ¾’ÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Aæ{þ ¯ÿÜëÿ Aæßæþê (Multi Dimensional) ÓþS÷ Ó{¯ÿæö{†ÿæþëQê (Multi faceted)A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ Àíÿ{¨ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀëÿdë {†ÿ{¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A{œÿLÿ Óí`ÿLÿ Lëÿ AæþLëÿ þæœÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ †ÿ$æ FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Óí`ÿæ H ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿö œÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
5- ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ{Àÿ D¨ëfç $#¯ÿæ ¨÷ɧ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçÓèÿ†ÿç
(Questions and Inconsistencies Arising Out of Western Development Model and Philosophy)
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ A†ÿ¿™#Lÿ ¨÷ɧLÿë fœÿ½ {’ÿBdç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ D¨{Àÿ Üÿ] ¨÷ɧ¯ÿæ`ÿê ÓõÎç {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿç ¨÷ɧ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ þçÁÿç¨æÀÿë œÿæÜÿ] œÿ {Üÿ{àÿ FÜÿæÀÿ ¾æÜÿæ DˆÿÀÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç †ÿæÜÿæ DNÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ H þ{xÿàÿLëÿ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ Lÿàÿæ µÿÁÿç àÿæSëdç > ¨÷ɧ SëxÿçLÿ F{†ÿ SµÿêÀÿ, LíÿsêÁÿ H SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨ú‚ÿö {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç {¾ FSëxÿçLÿÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ {Qæfç¯ÿæ ¯ÿçœÿæ {Lÿò~Óç `ÿç;ÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿç ¨÷ɧ SëxëÿLÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ’ÿçS Lëÿ ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Aæ{þ Lÿçdç ¨÷ɧ †ÿ{Áÿ {’ÿDdë >
1- ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæÀÿ vÿçLÿ A$ö Lÿ~ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨÷`ÿÁÿç†ÿ Óç•æ;ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæLëÿ ¯ëÿlæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô Lÿ~ Óäþ ?
2- Lÿ~ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö ÉçÅÿêLÿÀÿ~ ( Industrialisation ) F¯ÿó œÿSÀÿêLÿÀÿ~ ( Urbanisation) {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ ?
3- Lÿ~ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ fçxÿç¨ç ¯õÿ•ç Àíÿ¨{Àÿ f~æ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ H þ¨æ ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ?
4- Lÿ~ ™œÿ þæšþ{Àÿ ÓþÖ fçœÿçÌLëÿ Lÿç~æ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ?Lÿ~ ™œÿLëÿ þœëÿÌ¿ fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ Ó{¯ÿæö¨Àÿç D{”É¿ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ ? Lÿ~ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ™œÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ ÓþÖ ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ? Lÿ~ ™œÿ ( A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿÖë DŒæ’ÿœÿ ) F¯ÿó ÓëQ þš{Àÿ Ó¯ÿö’ÿæ ÓLÿæÀÿæŠLÿ ÓÜÿ Óº¤ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç ?
5- ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷Öë†ÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æŠLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ F¯ÿó ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿþíÁÿLÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ (Conceptual Framework and Behavioural Assumption) ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Aæfç Aæþ Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ ÓþÓ¿æ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Lÿ~ Óþæ™æœÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ ?
6- Lÿ~ ÓþÖ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ ¨æBô {SæsçF ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Óþæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ?
7- Lÿ~ AæþLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {’ÿÉZÿ µÿÁÿç ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç D¨{Àÿ œÿçÏëÀÿ A†ÿ¿æ`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ÉçÅÿæßœÿ ( Industrialisation ) Àÿ ¨$Lëÿ AœëÿÓÀÿ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ ?
8- ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ þæšþ{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ þš{Àÿ {SæsçF {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {ä†ÿ÷ þš{Àÿ , {SæsúçF ÉÜÿÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Aó`ÿÁÿ þš{Àÿ A†ÿ¿;ÿ ™œÿê H A†ÿ¿;ÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿ LÿæÜÿ]Lÿç ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçd;ÿç >FÜÿæÀÿ LÿæÀÿ~ Lÿ~ ?
9- ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨ SëxÿçLÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ AæLÿæóäæLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿDd;ÿç œÿæ A;ÿÀÿæß ÓõÎç LÿÀëÿd;ÿç ? AæD ¾’ÿç ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿDd;ÿç †ÿæ{Üÿ{àÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç F¯ÿó {LÿDô Óêþæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ >
10- fæ†ÿêß F¯ÿó Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ Óþõ•çÀÿ Dû Lÿ~ ? F¯ÿó F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Óþõ•ç Àëÿ LÿæÜÿæLëÿ F¯ÿó LÿæÜÿ]Lÿç àÿæµÿ {ÜÿDdç ?
11 ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ Jú~ fæàÿ{Àÿ LÿçF d¢ÿç {’ÿBdç ? Lÿ~ J~ fæàÿÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓÜÿ {Lÿò~Óç Ó¸Lÿö ÀÿÜÿçdç ? FÜÿç J~ fæàÿÀÿ ™œÿê {’ÿÉ ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ Lÿ~ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ (Implication) ÀÿÜÿçdç >
12- ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê J~,¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ H ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê¨íqç¯ÿçœÿç{¾æS SÀÿê¯ÿ H ™œÿê {’ÿÉÀÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçLÿë Lÿç¨Àÿç ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç FÜÿæÀÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ Lÿ~ ¨{xÿ ?
13 - ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¯ÿÜëÿÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿ¸æœÿê SëxÿçLëÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ {LÿDô Óêþæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ , {LÿDô {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó {LÿDô Óˆÿö ÓÜÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿçç¯ÿæLëÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ ?
14- fS†ÿêLÿÀÿ~ œÿæþ{Àÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿Àÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Lÿ~ ¯ÿæódœÿêß ? F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ LÿæÜÿæLëÿ àÿæµÿ {’ÿDdç ?
15- Lÿ~ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ, A™#Lÿ D¨{µÿæS H A™#Lÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿Lëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿçS{Àÿ vÿçLÿ ¨’ÿ{ä¨ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ ?
16- ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ fê¯ÿœÿ {ÉðÁÿê A¨~æB¯ÿæ Lÿ~ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’õÿÎçÀëÿ ¯ÿæódœÿêß, àÿæµÿ’ÿæßLÿ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ œÿê†ÿç A{s ?
’ëÿBsç þëQ¿ ¨÷ɧ -
¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿLëÿ þæœÿç ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ Lÿçdç {’ÿÉ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿæþ{Àÿ ¾æÜÿæ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç †ÿæLëÿ {’ÿQç ÓæÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ ’ëÿBsç þëQ¿ ¨÷ɧ þœÿ{Àÿ Aæ{Ó >
(i) Lÿ~ FÜÿæLëÿ vÿçLÿ A$ö{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ ÓëQê Lÿàÿæ µÿÁÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ ?
(ii) Lÿ~ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ÓþÖ {’ÿÉ H Ó¯ëÿ þœëÿÌ¿Zëÿ D¨àÿ² LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ? FÜÿæ Lÿ~ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ A{s ? FÜÿæ Lÿ~ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿäþ H ™æÀÿ~äþ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þæSö (Practicable and Sustainable development path ) ?
¯ÿçµÿçŸ †ÿ$¿Àÿ Aæ{àÿæLÿ{Àÿ Aæ{þ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ D¨{ÀÿæNÿ ¨÷ɧ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ fæó`ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿæÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ ‘œÿæ’ {Àÿ ¨æB¯ÿæ > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ àÿæÁÿÓæ{Àÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ þ{xÿàÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ÀÿæÖæ{Àÿ {’ÿòxëÿ$#¯ÿæ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ œÿçf ¨÷†ÿç œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó ¨÷æ~ê þæ†ÿ÷Àÿ AÖç†ÿ´ ¨÷†ÿç ÓZÿs ÓõÎç LÿÀçd;ÿç > fÁÿ ¨÷’íÿÌ~, ¯ÿæßë ¨÷’íÿÌ~, µíÿþç Ó¸Lÿêöß ¨÷’íÿÌ~ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Aæþ `ÿæÀÿç Aæ{xÿ ¨÷’íÿÌç†ÿ ¯ÿæ†ÿæ¯ÿÀÿ~ ™ê{Àÿ -™ê{Àÿ SµÿêÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô FÜÿæÀÿ üÿÁÿÓ´Àëÿ¨ þœÿÀÿ Aæ{¯ÿS, µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ, þæœÿ¯ÿêß Ó¸Lÿö H Ó{º’ÿœÿæ Aæ’ÿç þ™¿ ¨÷’íÿÌç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > S†ÿ FLÿ ÉÜÿ ¯ÿÌö {Üÿàÿæ F¯ÿó ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ S†ÿ `ÿæÀÿç ’ÿÉ þš{Àÿ †ÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿçœÿæÉÀÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿ{’ÿÉ{Àÿ ¨Üÿó`ÿçàÿæ~ç > Ó¯ëÿfWÀÿÀÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ™Àÿç†ÿ÷êÀÿ †ÿæ¨þæ†ÿ÷æ ™#{Àÿ -™#{Àÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Óþë’ÿ÷Àÿ fÁÿÖÀÿ þ™¿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > Óþë’ÿ÷ †ÿæÀÿ Óêþæ àÿóWœÿ LÿÀÿç Óêþæ ¨æQ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ Àÿæf¿ SëxÿçLëÿ fÁÿþS§ LÿÀÿç{’ÿ¯ÿæÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > Óí¾¿ö Lëÿ AæÓë$#¯ÿæ ¨÷`ÿƒ H ¨÷QÀÿ (Ultraviolate rays) LÿçÀÿ~ ¨õ$#¯ÿêLëÿ Àÿäæ LÿÀëÿ$ç¯ÿæ H{fæœÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ dç’ÿ÷ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ~ç > Aæ+æLÿösçLÿæ þÜÿæ{’ÿÉ D¨{Àÿ H{fæœÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿxÿ dç’ÿ÷ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçdç > FÜÿ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ A{Î÷àÿçAæ H œÿ¿ëfçàÿ¿æƒ Àÿ D¨Àÿ ¯ÿæßëþƒÁÿ{Àÿ þ™¿ ¯ÿÌöÀÿ Lÿçdç þæÓ dç’ÿ÷ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ Lÿ$æ f~æ ¨xÿçdç > {SæsçF Aœëÿþæœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ 1970 þÓçÜÿævÿæÀëÿ H{fæœÿÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö 1.5 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ Üÿ÷æÓ ¨æDdç > {¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ A™¿ßœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ {µÿò†ÿçLÿ ÓëQ Óë¯ÿç™æ ¨æBô Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ þæœÿ¯ÿÀÿ Lÿ÷çßæLÿÁÿæ¨ Üÿ] H{fæœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçœÿæÉÀÿ þëQ¿ LÿæÀÿ~ > H{fæœÿ ÖÀÿÀÿ äßÀÿ LÿæÀÿ~SëxÿçLÿ þ™¿{Àÿ Ó¯ëÿvæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ LÿæÀÿ~ {Üÿàÿæ {Lÿâæ{Àÿæ {üÿâæ{Àÿæ Lÿæ¯ÿöœÿ (CFC) {É÷~êÀÿ ÀÿæÓæßœÿ Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ > FÜÿç {É÷~êÀÿ ÀÿÓæßœ Àÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ {Àÿüÿ÷çf{ÀÿsÀÿ, FßæÀÿ LÿƒçÓœÿÀÿ, ¨âæÎçLÿ
{üÿæþ, F{Àÿæ{Óàÿ Aæ’ÿçÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {¯ÿ{Áÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > F{¯ÿ FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿ fçœÿçÌÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç >
ÉÜÿÀÿêLÿÀÿ~ F¯ÿó ÉçÅÿæßœÿ ¨æBô fèÿàÿ H ¯õÿäÀÿ AæQç ¯ëÿfæ Lÿsæ `ÿæàÿçdç > F{¯ÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¨÷¯õÿ• ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ þæ{œÿ þ™¿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æD$#¯ÿæ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfêÀÿ ¯ÿçœÿæÉLÿæÀÿê ’ëÿÑ÷µÿæ¯ÿLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» Lÿ{àÿ~ç > Aæfç Aæ{þ ¨÷æLõÿ†ÿçLÿ ÓºÁÿ{Àÿ ’ÿø†ÿ S†ÿç{Àÿ äÀÿ~ , ÉNÿç ÓZÿs, µíÿfÁÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ Üÿ÷æÓ , fÁÿ¯ÿæßë H ¯ÿÌöæ{Àÿ Aœÿçßþç†ÿ†ÿæ , µÿíäÀÿ~, þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™{Àÿ Üÿ÷æÓ , ÓëQ-Éæ;ÿçÀÿ Aµÿæ¯ÿ , ¯ÿë $#¯ÿæ ÜÿçóÓæ ¨÷¯ÿõˆÿç Aæ’ÿç {¾Dô fsçÁÿ ÓþÓ¿æ þæœÿ {’ÿQæ ¾æDdç †ÿæÀÿ LÿæÀÿ~ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ þ{xÿàÿ{Àÿ œÿçÜÿç†ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæD FLÿ ¨÷ɧ D¨{Àÿ þ™¿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ FÜÿç ™œÿê {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¯ÿæ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ÖÀÿ Lëÿ AæÓç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {Lÿ{†ÿ þíàÿ¿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿçdç ? A$¯ÿæ FÜÿç {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç ¨æBô Ó¸í‚ÿö ¨õ$#¯ÿêÀÿ ÓºÁÿ D¨{Àÿ {Lÿ{†ÿ {¯ÿæl ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç ? ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {þæs fœÿÓóQ¿æÀÿ {þæs 20 ɆÿLÿxÿæ AóÉ ¯ÿçÉçÎ FÜÿç ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ œÿçfÀÿ D¨{µÿæS H DŒæ’œÿ ÿæó`ÿæ F¯ÿó fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿê ¨æBô ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {þæs ÓºÁÿÀÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç 80 ɆÿLÿxÿæ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > FþæœÿZÿ ¨æQ{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {þæs µíþç Àÿ 50 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ µÿæS ÀÿÜÿçdç > Fþæ{œÿ {þæs ÉNÿçÀÿ 60 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ µÿæS ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {þæs AæßÀÿ 85 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ µÿæS D¨{Àÿ FþæœÿZÿÀÿ Lÿ¯ÿfæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ{Àÿ f{~ œÿæSÀÿçLÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ†ÿ ¨æó`ÿ ¯ÿÌö{Àÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç LÿæÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ 2 sœÿÀë A™#Lÿ Îçàÿ , ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿÌö 112 Lÿç{àÿæS÷æþ þæóÓ F¯ÿó 8 ÜÿfæÀÿ Lÿç{àÿæS÷æþ {†ÿàÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > AæD FLÿ Aœëÿþæœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ þæLÿ}œÿ œÿæSÀÿçLÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç ¨÷†ÿç’ÿçœÿ- œÿçf ÉÀÿêÀÿÀÿ Hfœÿ Óþæœÿ fçœÿçÌ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > 13 ¯ÿÌöÀëÿ Lÿþ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæÀÿ ¨çàÿæ ¨{Lÿs Qsö ¨æBô ¯ÿæÌ}Lÿ 230 xÿàÿæÀÿ Qa ÿöLÿÀÿç$æF > A™#LÿæóÉ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿç Aæß vÿæÀëÿ þ™¿ FÜÿæ A™#Lÿ A{s >
D¨{µÿæS H DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ FÜÿç ÖÀÿLëÿ ¯ÿfæß ÀÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ FÜÿç ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ S÷êœÿ ÜÿæDÓ S¿æÓÀÿ 80 ɆÿLÿxÿæ {Lÿâæ{Àÿæ{üÿâæ{Àÿæ Lÿæ¯ÿöœÿ ¨À ç{¯ÿÉ Lëÿ dæxÿç$æ;ÿç > FÜÿæ þ™¿Àëÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæÀÿ µÿæS Üÿ] 22 ɆÿLÿxÿæ (FLÿ ¨ó`ÿþæóÉ) A{s > Aæfç ¯ÿçÉ´{Àÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ F{†ÿ Aæàÿëþçœÿçßþ Aæ¯ÿföœÿæ üÿç{èÿ {Ó$#{Àÿ 6 ÜÿfæÀÿ {fs ¯ÿçþæœÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæÀÿ ¨÷†ÿç FLÿLÿ fæ†ÿêß DŒæ’ÿ D¨{Àÿ {†ÿàÿÀÿ D¨{µÿæS µÿæÀÿ†ÿ †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ 16 Së~ A™#Lÿ > D¨{ÀÿæNÿ †ÿ$¿Àëÿ ØÎ {¾ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ÓþÖ {’ÿÉ ¾’ÿç ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ F¯ÿó ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿLëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ œÿçfÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ àÿä¿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´{Àÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ $#¯ÿæ jæ†ÿ ÓºÁÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ {ÓÜÿç àÿä¿Lëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {Lÿ{¯ÿ Ó»¯ÿ {Ü ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ]ô > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ œíÿAæ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfêLëÿ ¾’ÿç ÓþÖ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ µÿæÀÿê þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ S÷çœÿ ÜÿæDÓ Dûföœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉÀÿ ×ç†ÿç Lÿ~ {Üÿ¯ÿ {Ó {Ó ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ `ÿç;ÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ þ™¿ µÿßæ¯ÿÜÿ àÿæSëdç > {†ÿ~ë {SæsçF Lÿ$æ ØÎ {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê œÿæ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ{¾æS¿ œÿæ ™æÀÿ~äþ A{s >
{Óð•æ;ÿçLÿ H ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ Dµÿß ’õÿÎçÀëÿ F{¯ÿ FÜÿç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿÀÿ ¯ÿçÓèÿ†ÿç , †ÿøsç, ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ†ÿæ ÓæþœÿæLëÿ AæÓç ÓæÀÿçdç > FÜÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ LÿæÀÿ~Àÿë ’ÿçœÿLëÿ ’ÿçœÿ ÓZÿsS÷Ö {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ FÜÿç þ{xÿàÿÀëÿ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿLëÿ AæÓç ¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ Aœÿ¿ {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ þ™¿ FÜÿç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ þ{xÿàÿLëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ÿæÀÿ Bbÿæ {ÉÌ LÿÀç ¨æÀë œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > FÜÿæ A†ÿ¿;ÿ AæÊÿ¾¿ö fœÿLÿ ¯ÿçÌß > †ÿ$æ¨ç ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ {Lÿ{†ÿLÿ ×æœÿ{Àÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ þæ{œÿ FÜÿç þ{xÿàÿLëÿ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {œÿB Ó´Àÿ D{ˆÿæÁÿœÿ Lÿ{àÿ~ç > {Óþæ{œÿ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þæSöÀÿ µÿßZÿÀÿ ¯ÿ稒ÿ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {`ÿ†ÿæ¯ÿœÿê {’ÿ{àÿ~ç > FÜÿç µÿÁÿç FÓçAæ H Aæüÿ÷çLÿæÀÿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ œÿçf ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ þæSö {Qæfç¯ÿæ ’ÿçS{Àÿ ¨÷ßæÓ AæÀÿ» Lÿ{àÿ~ç > FÜÿç œíÿ†ÿœÿ þæSö Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ þ{xÿàÿÀÿ ¯ÿçÓèÿ†ÿç, †ÿøsç , ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ†ÿæ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ Óó{ä¨{Àÿ fæ~ç ÀÿQç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ Óó{ä¨{Àÿ †ÿ{Áÿ ’ÿçAæ Sàÿæ > -
1-¯ÿˆÿö þæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ {ÉæÌ~LÿæÀÿê A{s > FÜÿç þ{xÿàÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ {SæsçF FLÿLÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Aœÿ¿ FLÿLÿ D¨{Àÿ {ÉæÌ~Lëÿ fœÿ½ {’ÿBdç > D’ÿÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àíÿ¨ S÷æþÀÿ œÿSÀÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ, œÿSÀÿÀÿ þÜÿæœÿSÀÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ , SÀÿê¯ÿ Àÿæf¿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ™œÿê Àÿæf¿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ , {SæsçF SÀÿê¯ÿ H ¨÷æ$þçLÿ ¯ÿÖë DŒæ’Lÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ™œÿê I{’ÿ¿SçLÿ {’ÿÉ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ, A™#LÿæóÉ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¯ÿÜëÿÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿ¸æœÿê þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ , D¨{µÿæNÿæ þæœÿZÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿ þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ, {dæs DŒæ’ÿLÿ ¯ÿæ Lÿ¸æœÿêÀÿ ¯ÿxÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿLÿæÀÿê Lÿ¸æœÿê þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ {¾æSëô F¨Àÿç {ÜÿæB$æF > ¯ÿÖë†ÿ… FÜÿç þ{xÿàÿ{Àÿ Aœÿ¿ LÿæÜÿæLëÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿç œÿçfÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÀÿæÖæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷¯õÿˆÿç A;ÿœÿ}Üÿç†ÿ ÀÿÜ çdç > AæfçÀÿ ¨Êÿçþ ßí{Àÿæ¨ H Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ Aæfç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿæþ{Àÿ ¾æÜÿæ Lÿçdç ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç †ÿæÜÿæ {Óþæ{œÿ Óæþ÷æf¿¯ÿæ’ÿê äþ†ÿæ þ晿þ{Àÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿç ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç >
¾’ÿç BóàÿƒLÿë µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ œÿçÍæÓœÿ (Economic Drain) Àëÿ{¨ ¾’ÿç ÓºÁÿ þçÁÿç œÿ$æ;ÿæ {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Óv æ{Àÿ ÉçÅÿ ¯ÿç¨â¯ÿ {Lÿ{¯ÿ {Üÿ{àÿ ÓüÿÁÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç œÿ $æ;ÿæ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þ{xÿàÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô {ÉæÌ~Lëÿ A¯ÿÉ¿æ»æ¯ÿê {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ Lÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿç þæœÿ¿†ÿæ D¨{Àÿ Üÿ] FÜÿæ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿæ {ÉæÌ~ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þ晿þ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
2- ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿÀÿ ¯ÿfæÀÿ œÿçߦç†ÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç Aœÿ¿ LÿæÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ晿¯ÿæ™Lÿ†ÿæÀÿ àÿæµÿ DvÿæD †ÿæ vÿæÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ’ÿæþ {œÿB A$¯ÿæ Lÿþ ¨æÀÿçÉ÷þçLÿ {’ÿB ¯ÿæ~çf¿ (¯ÿçœÿçþß) {Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ Óˆÿö {$æ¨ç AæSLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæÀÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ > {†ÿ~ë F$#{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Óë× Àÿ`ÿœÿæ ÓõÎç {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
3-¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæÀëÿ AÓêþ Lÿæþœÿæ,Aœÿ;ÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ, A™#Lÿ Àëÿ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯ÿçÖõ†ÿ {¯ÿ¨æÀÿ , ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿ÷ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿfæÀÿÀÿ Ó¤ÿæœÿ, ¯ÿfæÀÿ, Lÿó`ÿæþæàÿ H ÉNÿç Dû D¨{Àÿ A™#LÿæÀÿ fþæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô ÓóWÌö , ¾ë• - Óæþ÷æf¿¯ÿæ’ÿ (Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿæ Aæ$#öLÿ) FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿLëÿ fœÿ½ œÿçA;ÿç > ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ S†ÿ †ÿçœÿçÉÜÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ B†ÿçÜÿæÓ {ÜÿDdç FÜÿæÀÿ Óæäê >
4- Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉæÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLëÿ ÉêW÷Àëÿ ÉêW÷ F¯ÿó A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷¯õÿˆÿçLëÿ {¨÷æûæÜÿœÿ {’ÿBdç > ¯ÿÖë†ÿ… FÜÿæLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Daÿ ’ÿÀÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô FLÿ þæ†ÿ÷ ÀÿæÖæ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF > FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ {Óòþ¿ ¯ÿçjæœÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿ{Àÿ LÿâçÎ ¯ÿçjæœÿ F¯ÿó F$#Àëÿ D¨ëfë$#¯ÿæ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lëÿ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç >FÜÿæüÿÁÿ{Àÿ {àÿæLÿþæ{œÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H ÓæþæfçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™Àëÿ ’ÿíÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçd;ÿç >
Aæ$#öLÿ Ó´bÿÁÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó œíÿAæ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê{Àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß H {œÿð†ÿçLÿ ’ÿçS¨ Aµÿæ¯ÿ $#¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ™œÿê {’ÿÉÀÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ þ{œÿæ¯ÿçjæœÿ ÓZÿs DŒŸ {ÜÿDdç >
¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿ Óº¤ÿ µÿæèÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Ws~æ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ µÿæèÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ þš ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {Üÿàÿæ~ç > 1994 þÓçÜÿæÀÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö{Àÿ LëÿÜÿææB$#àÿæ {¾ 1987-91 þš{Àÿ Lÿæœÿæxÿæ{Àÿ 43 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ, üÿçœÿàÿ¿æƒ{Àÿ 58 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ, {xÿœÿþæLÿö{Àÿ 49 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ, Ó´ç{xÿœÿ †ÿ$æ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ {Àÿ 48 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ, œÿÀÿ{H´{Àÿ 45 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ, ¯ÿ÷ç{sœÿ{Àÿ 42 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿ{Àÿ dæxÿ¨†ÿ÷ {ÜÿæB$#àÿæ > 1985-92 þš{Àÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿ ¯ÿÜÿçµÿöí†ÿ Ó¸Lÿö LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ fœÿ½ {œÿB$#¯ÿæ ÉçÉë þæZÿ ÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ 52 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ $#àÿæ {¯ÿ{àÿ {xÿœÿþæLÿö{Àÿ 47 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ $#àÿæ > A¨Àÿæ™ F¯ÿó Aæ¨Àÿæ™#Lÿ þæœÿÓçLÿ†ÿæ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Àëÿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ FLÿ œÿºÀÿ {’ÿÉ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçdç > ¨÷†ÿç FLÿ àÿä {àÿæLÿZÿ µÿç†ÿ{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ{Àÿ 8 sç Üÿ†ÿ¿æ, 118 ™Ìö~, 234sç œÿçÉæ’ÿ÷¯ÿ¿ fœÿç†ÿ A¨Àÿæ™ H 426 f~Zÿ {fàÿ ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > 1993 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ {¨æàÿçÓÀÿ Àÿç{¨æsö LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#¯ÿæ A¨Àÿæ™Àÿ ÓóQ¿æ FLÿ {Lÿæsç 40 àÿä $#àÿæ > ¯ÿçf{œÿÓ H´çLÿ ¨†ÿ÷çLÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç A¨Àÿæ™ SëxÿçLÿ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö 435000 {Lÿæsç xÿàÿæÀÿÀÿ ä†ÿç {ÜÿæB$æF > Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæÀÿ 20 àÿäÀëÿ A™#Lÿ lçA ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ Sµÿö¯ÿ†ÿê {ÜÿæB¾æAæ;ÿç > FþæœÿZÿ þšÀëÿ Lÿç{ÉæÀÿæ¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ Sµÿö™æÀÿ~ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿæÁÿçLÿæ þæœÿZÿ ÓóQ¿æ ¨æQæ ¨æQç 10 àÿä A{s > {Óvÿæ{Àÿ ×ç†ÿç {Lÿ{†ÿ µÿßæ¯ÿÜÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç †ÿæÜÿæ {SæsçF D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Àëÿ ¯ëÿlæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ {¾ lçA þæœÿZëÿ Sµÿö™æÀÿ~Àëÿ œÿçfLëÿ ¯ÿó`ÿæB ÀÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Lÿ{àÿæ{ÀÿxÿçÀÿ ÿ FLÿ Óó×æ àÿçxÿ¯ÿçàÿ ¨÷†ÿç ’ÿçœÿ FLÿ xÿàÿæÀÿ ¨ëÀÿÔÿæÀÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > œÿ¿&í {Üÿð¯ÿœÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ ¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿß{Àÿ ¨çàÿæ þæœÿZëÿ Lÿ{ƒæþ ¯ÿæ~cç¯ÿæ ¨æBô œÿçшÿç {œÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿçàÿæ~ç > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæ{Àÿ ¨ëÀëÿÌ þæœÿZÿÀÿ {þæs þõ†ÿ¿ëÀëÿ 75 ɆÿLÿxÿæ, Üÿ†ÿ¿æ, AæŠÜÿ†ÿ¿æ þ’ÿ ¨çB Sæxÿç `ÿÁÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ , ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ 21þçœÿçs{Àÿ {SæsçF Üÿ†ÿ¿æ, ¨÷†ÿç ’ÿÉ {Ó{Lÿƒ{Àÿ {SæsçF Óç¤ÿç{`ÿæÀÿê , ¨÷†ÿç ’ÿÉ {Ó{Lÿƒ{Àÿ ™Ìö~ Aæ’ÿç Ws~æ þæœÿ ÜëÿF > 80 àÿä Lÿç{ÉæÀÿ- Lÿç{ÉæÀÿê Ó©æÜÿ{Àÿ Aœÿ¿&íœÿ ${Àÿ þ’ÿ¿¨æœÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > 2 {Lÿæsç {àÿæLÿ Ó§æ߯ÿçLÿ {ÀÿæS{Àÿ ¨êxÿç†ÿ > ’ÿÉ àÿä ¯ÿç’ÿ¿æ$êö ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö µÿæ¯ÿœÿæŠLÿ ÓþÓ¿æ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Ôëÿàÿ Lÿ{àÿf dæxÿç ’ÿçA;ÿç > †ÿçœÿç àÿäÀëÿ D™ö {àÿæLÿ AæŠÜÿ†ÿ¿æ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿ;ÿç FþæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ 56 ÜÿfæÀÿ ÓüÿÁÿ {ÜÿæB$æ;ÿç > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö ¨÷†ÿç FLÿ àÿä fœÿÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ 14 ÉÜÿ{àÿæLÿ ÓxÿLÿ ’ëÿWös~æ{Àÿ AæÜÿ†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æ;ÿç > 1989-91 þš{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç FLÿ àÿä fœÿÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ Üÿ{èÿÀÿê{Àÿ 58, üÿçœÿàÿ¿æƒ{Àÿ 49, AÎ÷çAæ{Àÿ 35 Ó´çfÀÿàÿ¿æƒ{Àÿ 34 f~ ¨ëÀëÿÌZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ AæŠÜÿ†ÿ¿æ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ þæþàÿæ Àëÿfë {ÜÿæBdç > þçÁÿç†ÿ fæ†ÿçÓóWÀÿë þçÁÿç$#¯ÿæ Aœÿ¿ FLÿ Àÿç{¨æsöÀÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ †ÿ$¿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ 31sç ÉçÅÿµÿçˆÿçLÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ 34 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿÀÿ A;ÿ dæxÿ¨†ÿ÷{Àÿ ÜëÿF H ɆÿLÿxÿæ 17 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ÉçÉëZÿ fœÿ½ ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿ ¯ÿÜÿçµÿöí†ÿ Ó¸Lÿö LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ÜëÿF > FLÿ àÿä fœÿÓóQ¿æ D¨{Àÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç 48 sç ™Ìö~, 5sç Üÿ†ÿ¿æ †ÿ$æ 21sç AæŠÜÿ†ÿ¿æ ÜëÿF > Lÿçdç {àÿæLÿ µÿ¯ÿçÌ¿†ÿ¯ÿæ~ê LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç{’ÿ{àÿ~ç {¾ þæLÿ}œÿ ÓþæfÀÿ A;ÿ {ÓàëÿàÿæÀÿ {üÿæœÿ H xÿ÷Sçfçþ ¯ÿëÿ$#¯ÿæ ÓóÔõÿ†ÿç üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
5-¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ{Àÿ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ üÿþöëàÿæ ¨÷{¯ÿÉ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿê†ÿç Lëÿ A¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿÀÿçLÿ LÿÀÿç {’ÿBdç > FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ A$öœÿê†ÿç H A$ö`ÿç;ÿœÿÀÿ Aþæœÿ¯ÿêßLÿÀÿ~ {Üÿ¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {ÜÿæBSàÿæ~ç > üÿ÷{üÿÓÀÿ Aþˆÿö {Óœÿ Zÿ µÿæÌæ{Àÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçÀÿ BófçœÿçßÀÿçèÿ ’ÿçS (¯ÿ+œÿ LëÿÉÁÿ†ÿæ)Lëÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ ’ÿçS (ÓæþæfçLÿ ’ÿçS) †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {Üÿàÿæ~ç > > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÀÿæÖæ ¯ÿç¨Àÿê†ÿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ `ÿæàÿçàÿæ~ç >
6- ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿœÿ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ F¯ÿó Daÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Aæß Àíÿ¨{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Ó晜ÿLëÿ Üÿ] Óæš Àëÿ{¨ þæœÿç œÿçAæ¾æBdç > Ó晜ÿ-Óæš þš{Àÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿ œÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Üÿ] {ÉæÌ~, A†ÿ¿æ`ÿæÀÿ H Aœÿæ`ÿæÀÿ œíÿAæ œíÿAæ Àÿë¨{Àÿ Óþæf{Àÿ {’ÿQæ ¾æDdç > FÜÿæ FÜÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ `ÿç;ÿœÿÀÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçxÿºœÿæ A{s >
7. ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A$ö ÉæÚ ¯ÿfæÀÿ {Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ A{s > F$#{Àÿ A™#Lÿ Lÿ÷ßÉNÿç Ó¸Ÿ ™œÿê {àÿæLÿZÿ ¨æBô Üÿ] A™#Lÿ ¯ÿÖëÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾>æB$æF > FÜÿç ™œÿê {àÿæLÿþæœÿZëÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿÖë Lÿç~ç¯ÿæLëÿ {¨÷Àÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿçj樜ÿ, ¯ÿç¨~œÿ Aæ’ÿç Àíÿ¨{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ A¨¯ÿ¿ßê F¯ÿó µÿ÷æþLÿ ¯ÿç™# þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¨÷ÓæÀÿ {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿæ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ ’ÿ´¢ÿÀÿ ×ç†ÿç DŒŸ LÿÀÿçdç > FÜÿç A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ {SæsçF ¨{s ™œÿê {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ Ad;ÿç {¾Dô þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ œÿ $#{àÿ þš †ÿæZëÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿÖë Lÿç~ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {¨÷Àÿç†ÿ,{¨÷æûæÜÿç†ÿ F¯ÿó D{ˆÿfç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô {ÓþæœÿZëÿ †ÿæZëÿ ¨÷{àÿæµÿœÿ {’ÿQæ¾æB$æF,AæLÿÌ}†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ þfæ Lÿ$æ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ(demand) ¯õÿ•úçLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {¨÷ÀÿLÿ ÉNÿç {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿææ¾æF > Aœÿ¿ ¨ä{Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ Ad;ÿç ¾æÜÿæZÿÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ †ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç {Üÿ{àÿ †ÿæZëÿ ¯ÿÖë œÿ Lÿç~ç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿæš LÿÀÿæ¾æF > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {ÓþæœÿZëÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ $#¯ÿæ ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿ vÿæÀëÿ þš ¯ÿó`ÿç†ÿ ÀÿQæ ¾æB$æF >
8- ¯ÿçLÿæÉ F¯ÿó {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿÀÿ ¨•†ÿç Hàÿsæ A{s F¯ÿó FÜÿæ Ó´ßó ÓZÿsLëÿ fœÿ½ ’ÿçF > FÜÿç ¨•†ÿç{Àÿ {¾Dô Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ Lÿþ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ $æF †ÿæLëÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯ÿÿæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿæ¾æF > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ Ó晜ÿ ÓZÿs þš{Àÿ d¢ÿç {ÜÿæB¾æF > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ ¯ÿçÉ´{Àÿ ÉNÿç(Energy) Lÿþ ¨Àÿçþæ~{Àÿ Adç > †ÿæ {Üÿ{àÿ þš A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ÉNÿçÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æF > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç fÁÿ Lÿþ $#¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ DLÿ¬æ’ÿœÿ ¯ÿÿæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ A™#Lÿ fÁÿ ’ÿÀÿLÿæÀÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ þófçÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æF > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ fÁÿÓZÿs {’ÿQæ ’ÿçF> vÿçLÿ {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç É÷þÉNÿç A™#Lÿ $#¯ÿæ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ {þÓçœÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç {¯ÿLÿæÀÿê ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ ÓZÿs DŒŸ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç > {ÓÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ FÜÿæ fæ~ç {¾ ÀÿæÓæßœÿçLÿ ÓæÀÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ µíÿþçÀÿ D¯ÿöÀÿæ ÉNÿç ¯ÿ{ÿ œÿæÜÿ] , {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ D{ˆÿfœÿæ ¯ÿÿæ¾æB$æF , FÜÿæ Ó{ˆÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ÀÿæÓæßœÿçLÿ ÓæÀÿÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ þæsçÀÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ D¯ÿöÀÿæ ÉNÿç œÿÎ {Üÿ¯ÿæÀÿ ÓZÿs {’ÿQæ {’ÿ¯ÿæ ÓÜÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ ¨÷†ÿç þš µÿêÌ~ ÓZÿs {’ÿQæ {’ÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ~ç > {SæsçF ÓZÿsÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¨æBô {¾Dô ¨•†ÿç A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç †ÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç œíÿAæ ÓZÿs DŒŸ {ÜÿDdç > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨•†ÿç ÓZÿs DŒŸLÿˆÿöæ F¯ÿó ÓZÿs ¯ÿ™öLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç Óæ¯ÿ¿Ö {ÜÿDdç >
9- þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö (1996) {Àÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿÀÿ ¯ÿçÓèÿ†ÿç SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÀÿÜÿ{Ó¿æ’ÿWæsœÿ LÿÀÿçdç > FÜÿæ AæQç {Qæàÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¾{$Î {Üÿ¯ÿ > FÜÿç Àÿç{¨æsö{Àÿ ØΠɱÿ{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç {¾ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç fçxÿç¨ç D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç F¯ÿó þæœÿ¯ÿçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þš{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç Ó´`ÿæÁÿç†ÿ Ó¸Lÿö œÿæÜÿ] > A$æö†ÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç {Üÿ{àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ {¾ {Lÿò~Óç ¨÷S†ÿç {Üÿ¯ÿæ, FÜÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ, ’õÿÎç F¯ÿó ’ÿçS F ¨Àÿç ¨æó`ÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ fœÿ½ {’ÿBdç ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ÓþÓ¿æ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö AæÜëÿÀÿç ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > FÜÿç ¨æó`ÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {Üÿàÿæ - {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ, œÿçÏëÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ , þíLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ, {`ÿÀÿ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿæ þíÁÿ’ëÿAæ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ , µÿ¯ÿçÌ¿†ÿ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ >
{Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æF {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Lÿò~Óç {’ÿÉÀÿ fçxÿç¨ç{Àÿ vçLÿ S†ÿç{Àÿ ¯õ•ç ÜëÿF {Üÿ{àÿ FÜÿç ¯õÿ•ç †ëÿÁÿœæ{Àÿ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç ÜëÿF œÿæÜÿ] > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç Üÿ] {ÜÿæBdç > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àíÿ¨ ÌÏ {¾æfœÿæ (1980-85) {Àÿ fçxÿç¨çÀÿ ¯ÿæÌ}Lÿ ¯õÿ•ç ’ÿÀÿ 5.7 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ $#àÿæ > L ç;ëÿ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ œÿç¾ëNÿçÀÿ ¯õÿ•ç ’ÿÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷ 1.7 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ÀÿÜÿç$çàÿæ > {ÓÜÿç¨À ç Ó©þ {¾æfœÿæ (1985-90) {Àÿ fçxÿç¨ç ¯õÿ•ç ’ÿÀÿ 5.8 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ F¯ÿó œÿç¾ëNÿç ¯ÿõ•ç ’ÿÀÿ 1.9 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ÀÿÜ ç$#àÿæ > AÎþ {¾æfœÿæ vÿæÀëÿ ’ÿÉþ {¾æfœÿæ þ™¿{Àÿ fçxÿç¨ç †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿÀÿ ¯õÿ•ç’ÿÀÿ Që¯ÿ Lÿþ ÀÿÜÿç$#àÿæ > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œë {Üÿô µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ {¾æfœÿæ A¯ÿ™# Óþß{Àÿ œÿç¾ëNÿç ¯ÿõ•ç’ÿÀÿ É÷þÉNÿçÀÿ ¯õÿ•ç’ÿÀÿ vÿæÀë Që¯ÿ ¨d{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçAæÓçAdç > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ÓþÖ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾æfœÿæ F¯ÿó DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ {þæs {¯ÿLÿæÀÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ÓóQ¿æ Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > FÜÿæÀÿ þëQ¿ LÿæÀÿ~ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ Aæ{þ AæþÀÿ {¾æfœÿæ SëxÿçL Lÿ澿ö LÿæÀÿê Lÿàÿæ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ÿ{ÀÿæfSæÀÿLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæÀÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß àÿä¿ {¯ÿæàÿç þæœÿç œ æÜëÿô > Aæ{þ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ Lëÿ {LÿLÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæÀÿ D¨ ¨Àÿç~æþ {¯ÿæàÿç þæœÿçdë > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç DŒŸ {ÜÿæBdç >
œÿçÏëÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÜÿç{àÿ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæLëÿ ¯ëÿlæ ¾ç¯ÿ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ àÿæµÿ ™œÿê {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿë þç{Áÿ F¯ÿó {’ÿÉÀÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ þæœÿZÿ ÓóQ¿æ F¯ÿó †ÿæZÿÀÿ ×ç†ÿç{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç ¯ÿç{ÉÌ DŸ†ÿç {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿçô > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àíÿ¨ 1987-88{Àÿ 38.3 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ (31.3 {Lÿæsç) {àÿæLÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ¿÷ Óêþæ {ÀÿQæ †ÿ{Áÿ $#{àÿ > A{œÿLÿ ¯ÿÌö ¨{Àÿ 1993-94{Àÿ þ™¿ 37 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ (32 {Lÿæsç) {àÿæLÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ¿÷ Óêþæ {ÀÿQæ †ÿ{Áÿ $#{àÿ > Aæfç þ™¿ ¨æQæ ¨æQç 26 {Lÿæsç {àÿæLÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ Óêþæ {ÀÿQæ †ÿ{Áÿ Ad;ÿç > FÜÿç µÿÁÿç ÓÜÿÀÿ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿÖç þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜ ë$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿÀÿ ÓóQ¿æ þ™¿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSççdç > F¨Àÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ üÿÁÿÓ´Àíÿ¨ {SæsçF Aæ{xÿ ™œÿê {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿ ¨æQ{Àÿ ™œÿÓ¸ˆÿç H {µÿæS¯ÿçÁÿæÓÀÿ ÓæþS÷ê ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæÀÿ àÿæSçdç AæD Aœÿ¿ ¨{s A™#LÿæóÉ fœÿÓóQ¿æ Aµÿæ¯ÿ H ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ þ™¿{Àÿ LÿæÁÿæ†ÿç¨æ† LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿ晿 {Ü Dd;ÿç > FÜÿæ Lÿçç ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A{s ? FÜÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ œÿçÏëÀÿ†ÿæLëÿ Üÿ] ¨÷Lÿs Lÿ{Àÿ >
{ÓÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ þíLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB$æF {¾Dô $#{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ †ÿæ{Áÿ -†ÿæ{Áÿ S~†ÿ¦Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç œÿ$æF > SÀÿê¯ÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZëÿ Ó¸ˆÿçÀÿ Ó´æþçˆÿ´ þçÁÿç ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] , Éçäæ, Ó´æ׿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ þ™¿ FþæœÿZëÿ D`ÿç†ÿ Óë{¾æS þçÁÿç ¨æÀÿç œÿ$æF > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àíÿ¨ µíÿþçÜÿêœÿ É÷þçLÿ þæœÿZëÿ µíÿ-Ó´æþçˆÿ´ þçÁÿç œÿ ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ , ¨ëA H lçA þæœÿZÿ þ™¿{Àÿ Ó´æäÀÿ†ÿæ Aœëÿ¨æ†ÿ{Àÿ ¨÷{µÿ’ÿ, ™œÿê F¯ÿó SÀÿê¯ÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿ þ™¿{Àÿ Éçäæ,Óë¯ÿç™æ H {ÉðäçLÿ D¨àÿ²ç{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨æ$öLÿ¿ , ¨ëÎçÜÿêœÿ†ÿæ, AœëÿÓí`ÿç†ÿ fæ†ÿç F¯ÿó fœÿfæ†ÿç {É÷~ê †ÿ$æ ¨dëAæ ¯ÿSöÀÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿLÿ fê¯ÿœÿ{Àÿ Aœÿ¿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß Óë¯ÿç™æ D¨àÿ² œÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç þíLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ ¨÷Lÿs Lÿ{Àÿ >
{`ÿÀÿÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿæ þíÁÿ’ëÿAæ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿDdç F ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ fœÿÓæ™æÀÿ~ †ÿæZÿÀÿ œçfÀÿ ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ ¨Àÿç`ÿß , œÿçfÀÿ þíÁÿ’ëÿAæ F¯ÿó œÿçfÀÿ (Roots) Üÿ] Lÿsç ¾æAæ;ÿç > ¯ÿ¤ÿ, {Lÿœÿæàÿ, ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿxÿ LÿÁÿLÿæÀÿQæœÿæ, {ÀÿÁÿ àÿæBœÿ Aæ’ÿç Lëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçɱÿ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ A{œÿLÿ $Àÿ ¯ÿç¨ëÁÿ ÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZëÿ ¯ÿç×æ¨ç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF > {Óþæ{œÿ œÿçfÀÿ WÀÿ F¯ÿó {ÀÿæfSæÀÿÀëÿ þ™¿ ¯ÿó`ÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB¾æB$æ;ÿç > ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ œÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {’ÿÉSëxÿçLÿ µÿÁ ç ¨÷LÿÅÿSëxÿçLëÿ àÿæSë LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ F¨Àÿç ×ç†ÿç œÿçþ}†ÿ {ÜÿæBdç >
µÿ¯ çÌ¿¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ- FÜÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {ÓÜÿç ¨÷~æÁÿê AæxÿLëÿ Ó{Zÿ†ÿ Lÿ{Àÿ {¾Dô$ç{Àÿ µÿæ¯ÿê ¨êÿê ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ ÓºÁÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ A¨¯ÿ¿ß ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨êÿê ’ÿ´æÀÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àíÿ¨ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Q~çf ¨’ÿæ$ö (àëÿÜÿæ, †ÿºæ, ’ Öæ, Aæàëÿþçœÿçßþ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç) F¯ÿó ÉNÿç ÓºÁÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ A¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿ¨í‚ÿö ¨÷{ßæS, µíÿþçÀÿ D¯ÿöÀÿæ ÉNÿçLëÿ œÿ ¯ÿó`ÿæB¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ µíÿþç Aœÿæ¯ÿæ’ÿê {Üÿ¯ÿæ
, fèÿàÿ Àëÿ AæQç¯ÿëfæ Sd Lÿsæ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç Ws~æ µÿ¯ÿçÌ¿†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ Lëÿ Üÿ] Óþæ© LÿÀÿç {’ÿ¯ÿ >
FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ F¯ÿó þæœÿ¯ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™{Àÿ œÿçÀÿ;ÿÀÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ Üÿ÷æÓ , ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿçLÿ H ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯ÿçWsœÿ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉLë ÓóÔÿæÀÿ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç µëÿàÿ ÀÿæÖæLëÿ {ÀÿæLÿç vÿçLÿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ {œÿ¯ÿæÀÿ Óþß AæÓç¾æBdç > {†ÿ~ë þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö (1996) {Àÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æB$#àÿæ {¾ AæSæþê Óþß{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿLëÿ F¨Àÿç FLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¯ÿëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ, Óæþ¿çLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ , ÓÜÿ{¾æSê ¯ÿçLÿæÉ, F¯ÿó {¨æÌ~êß ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Aæ’ÿç ’ çS{Àÿ Aæ{þ AS÷ÓÀÿ {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ AæSæþê Óþß{Àÿ ÓóÔÿæÀÿç†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷†ÿç þ™¿ ™¿æœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
ç¯ÿçS†ÿ Lÿçdç ¯ÿÌö þ™¿{À Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {¾Dô ÀÿæÖæ{Àÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {ÜÿæBdç †ÿæÜÿæ AæþLëÿ {LÿDô v æ{Àÿ ¨Üÿó`ÿæBdç F¯ÿó AæþLëÿ {Ó Lÿ~ {’ÿBdç ?> FÜÿæÀÿ vÿçLÿ fæó`ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨÷`ÿÁÿç†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷~æÁÿêÀÿ ¨í‚ÿö þíàÿ¿æZÿœÿ {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö {Àÿ 1995 H 1996 {Àÿ A{œÿLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö Óí`ÿœÿæ ’ÿçAæ ¾æBdç >
F$#{Àÿ †ÿç{Áÿ {Üÿ{àÿ Ó{¢ÿÜÿ œÿæÜÿ] {¾ Aæfç ¯ÿçÉ´ ¨í¯ÿö †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ ™œÿÉæÁÿê {ÜÿæBdç F¯ÿó A{œÿLÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ D¨àÿ²ç ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿçdç > 1950-92 ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {þæs Aæß 4 s÷çàÿçßœ xÿàÿæÀÿÀëÿ ¯ÿÿç 23 s÷çàÿçßœÿ xÿàÿæÀÿ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçàÿæ~ç F¯ÿó ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç Aæß 3 Së~ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¯ÿÿç ÓæÀÿçàÿæ~ç > {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Óí`ÿœÿæ ¨÷¾ëNÿç, `ÿçLÿçûæ †ÿ$æ Óí`ÿœÿæ H Óó`ÿæÀÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ Aµë†ÿ¨í¯ÿö ¨÷S†ÿç {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ Éçäæ, Ó´æ׿ †ÿ$æ ¨Àÿç¯ÿÜÿœÿ Óë¯ÿç™æ{Àÿ þ™¿ A{œÿLÿ ¨÷S† ç {ÜÿæBdç > þõ†ÿ¿ë ’ÿÀÿ Lÿþ {ÜÿæBdç F¯ÿó ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç ¯ÿßÓ ¯ÿÿçdç > LõÿÌç F¯ÿó ÉçÅÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ þ™¿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿõ•ç {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ÓëQ Óë¯ÿç™æ, {µÿæS ¯ÿçÁÿæÓ †ÿ$æ Aœÿ¿ ÓæþS÷ê {Àÿ þ™¿ ¯õÿ•ç {ÜÿæBdç >
D¨{ÀÿæNÿ D¨àÿ²ç SëxÿçLÿ Ó{ˆÿ´ ¯ÿçÉ´ Aæfç A{œÿLÿ ÓþÓ¿æ H ÓZÿs þ™¿ {’ÿB S†ÿç LÿÀëÿdç > ¨÷†ÿç’ç œÿ œíÿAæ ÓþÓ¿æ þëƒ {sLëÿdç > ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ¾æÜÿæ LÿÅÿœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾>æB$#àÿæ †ÿæÜÿæ œÿ {ÜÿæB AæD Lÿçdç {ÜÿDdç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ FÜÿæ FLÿ µÿßæ¯ÿÜÿ `ÿç†ÿ÷ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀëÿdç > Aæfç Aæ{þ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿçÉ´{Àÿ ÀÿÜëÿd;ÿç {¾Dôvÿç fœÿÓóQ¿æÀÿ FLÿ ¯ÿx µÿæS äë™æS÷Ö, {¯ÿLÿæÀÿê ÓþÓ¿æ †ÿ$æ AÓæþœÿ†ÿæ µÿÁÿç ¯ÿçÌþ ÓþÓ¿æSëxÿçLÿ ÓÜÿ fxÿç†ÿ >
FÜÿç µÿÁÿç Aæ{þ Af¯ÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™æµÿæÌ þ™¿{Àÿ S†ÿç LÿÀëÿd;ÿç > {SæsçF {’ÿÉ{Àÿ AœÿæÜÿæÀÿ þõ†ÿ¿ë {ÜÿDdç †ÿ Aœÿ¿ FLÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ AŸ üÿçèÿæ ¾æDdç > ™œÿê F¯ÿó SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ þ™¿{Àÿ AÓæþœÿ†ÿæ ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç> ¯ çÉ´Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ 80 ɆÿLÿxæ fœÿÓóQ¿æÀÿ Aæß ¯ÿçÉ´ÀÿÀÿ {þæs AæßÀÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ 16 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ A{s > Aœÿ¿ ¨ä{Àÿ ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ 20 ɆÿLÿx æ fœÿÓóQ¿æ ¨æQ{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {þæs AæßÀÿ 80 ɆÿLÿxÿæ Aæß ÀÿÜÿçdç > þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Àÿç{¨æsö 1996 {Àÿ Lë Üÿæ¾æBdç {¾ 89sç {’ÿÉÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ×ç†ÿç S†ÿ 10 ¯ÿÌö †ÿëÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ QÀÿæ¨ {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿç Àÿç{¨æsö{Àÿ {`ÿ†ÿæ¯ÿœÿê ’ÿçAæ¾æBdç {¾ ¾’ÿç ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨÷¯õÿˆÿç fæÀÿê Àÿ{Üÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ ÉçÅÿµÿçˆÿçLÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ AÓæþœÿ†ÿæ vÿæÀëÿ AæSLëÿ ¾æB Aþæœÿ¯ÿê߆ÿæÀÿ Àíÿ¨ ™æÀÿ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > {¯ÿLÿæÀÿê ÓþÓ¿æ þ™¿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > ™œÿê †ÿ$æ ÉçÅÿµÿçˆÿçLÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ 35 þçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿ {¯ÿLÿæÀÿ Ad;ÿç > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç AæSæþê ’ÿÉLÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZëÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿZëÿ œ ç¾ëNÿç {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ×ç†ÿç A†ÿ¿;ÿ D’ÿ{¯ÿSfœÿLÿ > DNÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ ÓóLÿ÷æþLÿ {ÀÿæS {¾æSëô ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö 17 þçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿZÿÀÿ þõ†ÿ¿&ë Wsç$æF > > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ 800 þçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿZëÿ D`ÿç†ÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ {µÿæfœÿ þçÁÿç¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] F¯ÿó ¨æQæ¨æQç 500 þçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿ ¨ëÎçÜÿêœÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÉçLÿæÀÿ {ÜÿæB$æ;ÿç > FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ 1.3 ¯ÿçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿ A$æö†ÿ FLÿ - †õÿ†ÿêßæóÉ fœÿÓóQ¿æ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷ß-- Óêþæ{ÀÿQæ †ÿ{Áÿ Ad;ÿç > FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ 130 þçàÿçßœÿ ¨çàÿæ †ÿ$æ þæšþçLÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ 275 þçàÿçßœÿ ¨çàÿæ Ôíÿàÿ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç œÿ$æ;ÿç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ÉçÉë þõ†ÿ¿&ë ’ÿÀÿ †ÿ$æ þæ†õÿ þõ†ÿ¿ë ’ÿÀÿ Üÿ] fœÿ½ ’ÿÀÿ vÿæÀëÿ Daÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö `ÿç†ÿ÷ A†ÿ¿;ÿ {Éæ`ÿœÿêß F¯ÿó D’ÿ{¯ÿSfœÿLÿ A{s > Qæàÿç {¨s, œÿS§ Lÿçºæ A™ö œÿS§ ÉÀÿêÀÿ, þëÀëÿlç ¾æB$#¯ÿæ AæQç F¯ÿó ¨Éç ¾æB$#¯ÿæ Sæàÿ, ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {ÀÿæS{Àÿ S÷Ö ÉÀÿêÀÿLëÿ {’ÿQç þ{œÿ ÜëÿF {¾ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿Àÿ Óæäæ†ÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ {ÜÿDdç > Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ äë™æ{Àÿ Lÿæ¢ëÿ $#¯ÿæ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿæÁÿLÿ- ¯ÿæÁÿçLÿæ, µÿêÌ~¨êxÿæ {¾æSëô `ÿç‡æÀÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿ, ¨÷Ó¯ÿ ¨êxÿæ {¾æSëô ¨÷æ~ ÜÿÀÿæD$#¯ÿæ þÜÿçÁÿæ, †ÿ$æ œÿç¾ëNÿç AæÉæ{Àÿ WëÀÿç¯ëÿàëÿ$#¯ÿæ {¯ÿLÿæÀÿ ¾ë¯ÿLÿ, ¾ë¯ÿ†ÿê Aæ{þ µÿæÀÿê ÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ þæ†ÿ÷ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ Üÿç œÿ {ÜÿæB ¯ÿÀÿó Ó¸í‚ÿö þœëÿÌ¿ fæ†ÿçÀÿ AÖç†ÿ´ ¨æBô FLÿ ¨÷ɧ¯ÿæ`ÿê ÓõÎç LÿÀëÿdç >
Aœÿ¿ ¨ä{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ A¯ÿ×æ þš Lÿçdç µÿàÿ œëÿ{Üÿô F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ™#{Àÿ ™#{Àÿ ¯ÿçSçxÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ 15 àÿäÀëÿ D™ö {àÿæLÿ FxÿÛ {ÀÿæS{Àÿ ¨êxÿç†ÿ Ad;ÿç > FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ {þæs {¯ÿLÿæÀÿê ’ÿÀÿ 8 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ $#¯ÿæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ ¾ë¯ÿLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ þš{Àÿ {¯ÿLÿæÀÿê ’ÿÀÿ 15 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ 40 ɆÿLÿxÿæ SÀÿê¯ÿ†ÿþ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ Aæß {þæs AæßÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷ 18 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ A{s > 100 þçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷ß Óêþæ{ÀÿQæ †ÿ{Áÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç > 5 þçàÿçßœÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ {àÿæLÿZÿÀÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô WÀÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FLÿ †õÿ†ÿêßæóÉ ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿÀÿ ¨Àÿç~†ÿç ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿ ¯ÿç{bÿ’ÿ{Àÿ {ÜÿDdç > ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö 1,30,000 ™Ìö~ þæþàÿæ {ÜÿDdç > ¯ÿæßë ¨÷’íÿÌ~ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ßí{Àÿæ¨{Àÿ fèÿàÿ œÿÎ {Üÿ¯ÿæÀëÿ 35 þçàÿçßœÿ xÿàÿæÀÿ ™œÿÀÿæÉç ¨æQæ¨æQç ä†ÿç Wsëdç > {†ÿ~ë {þæs D¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ’ÿçS {LÿDô vÿæ{Àÿ AsLÿç ¾æBdç †ÿ {LÿDô vÿæ{Àÿ ’ÿçSÜÿÀÿæ {ÜÿæB¾æBdç > FÜÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Àÿ$ LÿæÜÿ]Lÿç AsLÿçdç F¯ÿó LÿæÜÿ]Lÿç ’ÿçSÜÿÀÿæ {ÜÿæBdç †ÿæÀÿ LÿæÀÿ~ SëxÿçLëÿ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ FSëxÿçLëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç FLÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ >
II
FLÿ œíÿAæ ÀÿæÖæ
(A New Way)
F¨Àÿç þ{œÿÜëÿF {¾ A{œÿLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ AÓæ™æÀÿ~ D¨àÿ²ç Ó{ˆÿ´ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ þœÿêÌç H ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿþæ{œÿ Aæfç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ{Àÿ Ó;ëÿÎ œëÿÜÿ;ÿç, AæD {Óþæ{œÿ FÜÿæ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿ{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç A™#Lÿ µÿàÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ-Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ àÿæSë LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ `ÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > Aæfç ÓþÖ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ "¯ÿæ’ÿ" þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ þíÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ Óë¢ÿÀÿ, ÓëQLÿæÀÿLÿ H Éæ;ÿç¨í‚ÿö Óþæ™æœÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ AÓþ$ö {ÜÿDd;ÿç > ¯ÿçµÿçŸ œÿê†ÿç, ’ÿÉöœÿ, ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ H ’ÿêWöLÿæÁÿêœÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæ ¨{Àÿ Aæfç Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçÉ´ FLÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lëÿ Që¯ÿ Aæ†ëÿÀÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ A{¨äæ LÿÀÿçdç > {SæsçF Lÿ$æ †ÿ ØÎ {¾ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ µÿ÷æ;ÿ H AæŠWæ†ÿê ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ H ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê Aæ$#öLÿ ÉNÿç þæœÿZÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ D•æÀÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > {†ÿ~ë µÿæÀÿ†ÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿÀÿ µÿ÷þ fæàÿÀëÿ þëNÿ {ÜÿæB œíÿAæ ÀÿæÖæ {Qæfç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ > ¾’ÿçH FÜÿæ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿçÌß {¾Dô $#{Àÿ SµÿêÀÿ Ašßœÿ H S{¯ÿÌ~æÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç {†ÿ{¯ÿ þš Fvÿæ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Àÿ FLÿ {þæsæ {þæsç Àíÿ¨ {ÀÿQæ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçœÿþ÷ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
™þæöÉ÷ßê þæœÿ¯ÿ {Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ Ó¯ÿöLÿóÉ (ÓþS÷) þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~-
(Dharma Guided Human Centered Holistic Mangal Development Approch)
ÓëþèÿÁÿþ ¯ÿæ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÓZÿÅÿœÿæ-
¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ Óë•æ Aæ{þ ¾æÜÿæ ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæ Lÿ{àÿ {Ó$#Àëÿ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ ØÎ {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ A$ö, þæ¨, ’õÿÎç, ’ÿçS H Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç {œÿB Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ SµÿêÀÿ þ†ÿ{µÿ’ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô Óþ{Ö AØΆÿæÀÿ ×ç†ÿç{Àÿ Ad;ÿç > {Óþæ{œÿ Lÿçdç Óþß ¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç$#¯ÿæ Lÿ$æLëÿ þš AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç {’ÿ¯ÿæÀÿ A{œÿLÿ D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ ÀÿÜÿçdç > Óó¨í‚ÿö ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ÓëQ H Lÿàÿ¿æ~Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç ×æœÿ œÿæÜÿ] > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç µëÿàÿ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌæ ¯ÿæ Óójæ {¾æSëô Lÿæþ¿ ¨’ÿæ$ö SëxÿçLÿÀÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ D{”É¿ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿç Óæ™æ-Óç™æ µÿ’ÿ÷ þœëÿÌ¿ þæœÿZëÿ ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿Àÿ LÿæÅÿœÿçLÿ H þç$¿æ Ó;ÿæ¨Àÿ ÉçLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ’ÿçAæ ¾æDdç > {¾Dô ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¨æQ{Àÿ QæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô AŸ ÀÿÜÿçdç, ¨çB¯ÿæ ¨æBô ’ëÿU ÀÿÜÿçdç, ¨ç¤ÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Óæ™æÀÿ~ ¯ÿÚ ÀÿÜÿçdç , ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Óæ™æÀÿ~ WÀÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç, Lÿç;ëÿ {Óæxÿæ H´æsÀÿ, ÓçSæ{Àÿs, þ’ÿ, {Óæüÿæ, Lÿæ{¨ös, AtæÁÿçLÿæ, sçµÿç, LÿæÀÿ, üÿ÷çf µÿÁÿç AæÀÿæþ’ÿæßLÿ fçœÿçÌ œÿæÜÿ] †ÿæLëÿ A¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ †ÿ$æ AœÿS÷ÓÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç {WæÌç†ÿ LÿÀÿç ’ÿçAæ¾æDdç > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç µëÿàÿ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌæ ¯ÿæ ÓójæLëÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿæB FLÿ F¨Àÿç Óójæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ ¾æÜÿæ þ~çÌÀÿ Ó{¯ÿæö{†ÿæþëQê (Multi faceted)¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ ÓëœÿçÊÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ÀÿQç Fvÿæ{Àÿ FLÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
¨æÀÿçµÿæÌçLÿ ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿê-
Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ, Aæ$#öLÿ ¨÷S†ÿç, Aæ$#öLÿ Óþõ•ç, þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ, fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ Së~¯ÿˆÿæ (Quality of life) Aæ’ÿç A{œÿLÿ ɱÿÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ FþæœÿZÿ þšÀëÿ {Lÿò~Óç ɱÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ÓþÖ µÿæ¯ÿLëÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ AÓüÿÁÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > FÜÿæ ¨÷`ÿÁÿç†ÿ ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿêÀÿ AÓ¸í‚ÿö†ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > ¨æÀÿçµÿæÌçLÿ ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿêÀÿ AÓ¸í‚ÿö†ÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] ’ÿçSµÿ÷þ {ÜÿDdç > A™#LÿæóɆÿ… Óþõ•ç ¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨÷`ÿÁÿœÿ {ÜÿDdç > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿç ’ëÿB ɱÿ {dæs ¨Àÿç f~æ ¨xëÿd;ÿç > ¨æÀÿçµÿæÌçLÿ ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿêÀÿ FÜÿç ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ Lëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô þëô µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß µÿæÌæÀÿ ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿêÀÿ ÓæÜÿ澿 {œÿDdç > FÜÿæLëÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ÀÿQç ' ÓëþèÿÁÿþ ' ¯ÿæ ' þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ' Àÿ ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿêLëÿ þëô ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ ÀÿQëdç > ' ÓëþèÿÁÿþ ' ¯ÿæ ' þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ' Àÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ A™#Lÿ vÿçLÿ, ÓëÓèÿ†ÿ F¯ÿó ÓþS÷ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ F¯ÿó FÜÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ Aæ{þ ¾æÜÿæ `ÿæÜÿæ;ÿç †ÿæLëÿ A™#Lÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ {¯ÿæàÿç þëô µÿæ¯ëÿdç >
ÓëþèÿÁÿþÀÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æÀÿ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌæ ¯ÿæ Óójæ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
' ÓëþèÿÁÿþ ' Àÿ †ÿ挾¿ö {Üÿàÿæ þëQ¿†ÿ… œÿçf ÓºÁÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ÓþÖ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ÖÀÿLëÿ Daÿ LÿÀÿç ’ÿêWöLÿæÁÿêœÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ÓëQ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ F¯ÿó ÓþÖZëÿ þèÿÁÿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ >
A$¯ÿæ
' ÓëþèÿÁÿþ ' Àÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ œÿçfÀÿ ÉæÉ´†ÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ þæšþ{Àÿ œÿçf {’ÿÉ H ÓþæfÀÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç- ¨÷¯õÿˆÿç, AæÉæ, AæLÿæóäæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ H ÓæþæfçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ þëQ¿†ÿ… œÿçfÀÿ ÉNÿç Óæþ$ö , ÓºÁÿ F¯ÿó {LÿòÉÁÿ ¨÷†ÿçµÿæÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ LÿþöÉNÿç fæSÀÿ~ þæšþ{Àÿ ™æÀÿ~äþ , {¨æÌ~äþ, ÓóÔÿæÀÿäþ, Ó¯ÿöþèÿÁÿLÿæÀÿê, Óþ†ÿæþíÁÿLÿ, Ó;ëÿÁÿç†ÿ H Ó{¯ÿæö†ÿþëQçê ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ >
FÜÿç ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌæ ¯ÿæ ÓójæÀÿ þëQ¿ ¯ÿç{É̆ÿ´ -
ÓëþèÿÁÿþÀÿ D¨{ÀÿæNÿ Óójæ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æÀÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ þëQ¿ ¯ÿç{É̆ÿ… D¨{Àÿ A¯ÿS†ÿ LÿÀÿæF >
1- µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ÓþÖ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ F¯ÿó ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ Àÿ`ÿœÿæ Lÿþö{Àÿ þèÿÁÿÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ D¨×ç†ÿ Adç > ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ þèÿÁÿÀÿ Lÿæþœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > > ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß œÿçfÀÿ þèÿÁÿ `ÿæ{Üÿô F¯ÿó SëÀëÿfœÿ †ÿæZëÿ þèÿÁÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] AæÉê¯ÿæö’ÿ ’ÿçA;ÿç >
{Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ {Ó†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô {Ó Ó¸í‚ÿö ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç vÿæÀëÿ þš þèÿÁÿ Lÿæþœÿæ Lÿ{Àÿ > {†ÿ~ë {Ó œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ ɱÿ{Àÿ ¨÷æ$öœÿæ Lÿ{Àÿ
¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç… ¨ó`ÿµíÿ†ÿæœÿç S÷Üÿæ{àÿæLÿæ… Ó´æÀÿÖ$æ
’ÿçÉ… LÿæàÿÊÿ Ó{¯ÿöÌæó Ó’ÿæ Lëÿ¯ÿö;ëÿ þèÿÁÿþ >>
Aæþ ¨ëÀÿæ~{Àÿ þš àÿä½êZëÿ ' þèÿÁÿ ' AæD ' ÓëþèÿÁÿæ ' {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ ¾æDdç > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ {†ÿ~ë Aæ{þ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ÓºÁÿ œÿ `ÿæÜÿ] þèÿÁÿLÿæÀÿê Ó¸’ÿ Üÿ] `ÿæÜëÿô > þèÿÁÿÀÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ{Àÿ F{†ÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´ ’ÿçAæ¾æDdç {¾ ¨ÀÿþæŠæÀÿ Ó´Àíÿ¨Lëÿ þš þèÿÁÿ œÿæþ{Àÿ Üÿ] xÿLÿæ ¾æB$æF > ¨÷æ†ÿ… Ó½Àÿ~{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç {¾
Hó œÿþ… Óaÿç’ÿæœÿ¢ÿ Àëÿ¨æß œÿ{þæÖë ¨ÀÿæþæŠ{œÿ >
{f¿æ†ÿçþöß Ó´Àíÿ¨æß ¯ÿçÉ´þæèÿÁÿ¿þíˆÿö{ß >>
{†ÿ~ë Üÿç¢ëÿ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ Lÿ澿öÀÿ ÉëµÿæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ ¨ÀÿþæŠæZÿ þèÿÁÿ Àëÿ¨Lëÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ {ÉâæLÿ þæšþ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¢ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF >
þèÿÁÿó µÿS¯ÿæœÿ ¯ÿçÐë þèÿÁÿþ SÀëÿxÿ ™´f… >
þèÿÁÿó ¨ëƒÀÿêLÿæ{äæó þèÿÁÿæ߆ÿ{œÿæ ÜÿÀÿç… >>
{fðœÿ ™þö{Àÿ þš{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ ¨÷æ$öœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > - þèÿÁÿ µÿS¯ÿæœÿ ¯ÿê{Àÿæ þèÿÁÿó {Sò†ÿþS~ê > þèÿÁÿó Lëÿ¢ëÿLëÿ’ÿæ{’ÿ¿æ ™{þæöÖë þèÿàÿþ >>
Ó¡ÿ †ëÿÁÿÓê’ÿæÓ É÷êÀÿæþ`ÿÀÿç†ÿ þæœÿÓ{Àÿ É÷êÀÿæþZÿ fœÿ½ Àÿ D{”É¿ ÓóÓæÀÿÀÿ þèÿÁÿLÿæþœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {¯ÿæàÿç {àÿQçd;ÿç > {Ó LÿÜÿçd;ÿç 'Àÿæþ fœÿþë fS þèÿàÿ {Üÿ†ëÿ ' >
2- Ó¯ÿöóLÿÉ FLÿæŠ ¯ÿçÉ´’õÿÎç -
Aæ{þ fæ~ë {¾ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ `ÿç;ÿœÿ ¾æ¦çLÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ’õÿÎç D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ A{s > FÜÿæ ÓþÖ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ AÓèÿ†ÿ, A¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿÀÿçLÿ,Aœëÿ¨{¾æSê †ÿ$æ ¯ÿçœÿæÉLÿæÀÿê A{s > FÜÿæÀÿ vÿçLÿ Hàÿsæ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ AæÀÿ»Àëÿ Üÿ] FLÿæŠ Ó¯ÿöóLÿÉ ¯ÿçÉ´ ’õÿÎçLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ `ÿæàÿç$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿçjæœÿ{Àÿ œíÿAæ-œíÿAæ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ØÎ {ÜÿDdç {¾ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½æƒ FLÿ ÓþS÷ FLÿæŠ, F¯ÿó Ó¯ÿöóLÿÉÀÿ FLÿLÿ A{s > Lÿ´æ+þ üÿçfçOÿ F{¯ÿ ØÎ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ {WæÌ~æ Lÿ{Àÿ {¾ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½æƒ{Àÿ AàÿSæ AàÿSæ ’ÿçÉë$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ AóÉ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ ÓÜÿ WœÿçÏ H Aèÿæèÿê µÿæ{¯ÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ fxÿç†ÿ ÿ œëÿÜÿ;ÿç ¯ÿÀÿó ¨ÀÿØÀÿ þš{À þš Ad;ÿç FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ A¯ÿçµÿæf¿ ÓþS÷†ÿæ (Unbroken wholeness)Àÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ ¨ÀÿçLÿÅÿœÿæÀÿ D’ÿß {ÜÿæBdç > A¯ÿçµÿæf¿ ÓþS÷†ÿæÀÿ FÜÿç ¨ÀÿçLÿÅÿœÿæ ÓõÎçÀÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæ H ¯ÿç{ÉâÌ~ AàÿSæ-AàÿSæ F¯ÿó Ó´æ™êœÿ AóÉ {¯ÿæàÿç þæœÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLëÿ ØÎ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ {¾ >µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ AæÀÿ»Àëÿ Üÿ] FÜÿç Ó†ÿ¿Àÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ LÿÀÿç ÓæÀÿç$#{àÿ > {†ÿ~ë {Óþæ{œÿ LÿÜÿç$#{àÿ ' ߆ÿ ¨ç{ƒ †ÿ†ÿ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½æ{ƒ ' A$æö†ÿ ¾æÜÿæ FLÿ A~ë{Àÿ Adç †ÿæÜÿæÜÿ] ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½æƒ{Àÿ Adç > ( That which is in microcosm is also in macrocsm)
†ÿæZÿÀÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ $#àÿæ {¾ ÓþÖ `ÿÀÿæ`ÿÀÿ fS†ÿ{Àÿ FLÿþæ†ÿ÷ {`ÿ†ÿœÿ †ÿˆÿ´ ¯ÿ¿æ© Adç - ' Ó¯ÿöó Qàúÿ¯ÿçþç’ÿó ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½… ' > FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæSàÿæ {¾ ¯ÿ¿Îç, ÓþÎç H ÓõÎç , FSëxÿçLÿ AàÿSæ-AàÿSæ H Ó´æ™êœÿ FLÿLÿ œëÿÜÿ;ÿç ¯ÿÀÿó {Sæ{sç †ÿˆÿ´ µÿçŸ-µÿçŸ ÖÀÿ D¨{Àÿ œÿçfLëÿ ¨÷Lÿs LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > †ÿæZÿ þš{Àÿ Óæ¯ÿ߯ÿê H Aèÿæèÿê (Organic) Ó¸Lÿö ÀÿÜÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë FþæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ FLÿàÿ߆ÿæ H FLÿÀÿÓ†ÿæ ¯ÿfæß ÀÿQç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæ vÿæÀëÿ AàÿSæ {ÜÿæB ÓóÓæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿÖëS†ÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæ H ¯ÿç{ÉÈÌ~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ {¯ÿæàÿç µÿæ¯ÿç¯ÿæ µëÿàÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > FÜÿæ FLÿ ÓÜÿµÿæSê ÓõÎç A{s > F$#Àëÿ Aæ{þ AàÿSæ œëÿÜÿ;ÿç Lÿçºæ AàÿSæ þš {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ëÿ œÿæÜÿçô > FÜÿæ Ó†ÿ {¾ µÿæ¯ÿfS†ÿ ¯ÿÖëfS†ÿLëÿ œÿçßþœÿ H œÿç{’ÿöÉœÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ {Üÿ{àÿ ¯ÿÖë{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ A¯ÿÉ¿»æ¯ÿê > FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ LÿÜÿç$#{àÿ {¾ œÿçfLëÿ ¨¯ÿç†ÿ÷ H Éë• LÿÀÿ , FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ÓóÓæÀÿLëÿ ¨¯ÿç†ÿ÷ H Éë• {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
þœëÿÌ¿ ¨÷Lÿõ†ÿç H ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ A¯ÿçµÿæf¿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæÀëÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç ÓÜÿ Óþœÿ´ß Àÿäæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ Aæ™æÀÿ LÿÀÿç AæþLëÿ Óó¨í‚ÿö {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê †ÿ$æ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ’õÿÌcç{Lÿæ~ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ ¨õ$#¯ÿêÀÿ Óêþç†ÿ ÓºÁÿLÿë þç†ÿ¯ÿ¿ßç†ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿB$#{àÿ > Fþæ{œÿ ¨÷Lÿõ†ÿçLëÿ fœÿœÿê Àíÿ{¨ ¯ÿ‚ÿö œÿæ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ >
3- Ó¯ÿö ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½Àÿ Ó´Àíÿ¨{Àÿ FLÿæŠ þæœÿ¯ÿÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ
Aæ{þ fæ~ë {¾ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A$öœÿê†ÿç FLÿ F¨Àÿç ' Aæ$#öLÿ þœëÿÌ¿ ' (Economic Man) Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ¾çF †ÿæÀÿ ÓþÖ œÿçшÿç àÿæµÿ ÜÿæœÿçÀÿ S~œÿæ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Lÿ{Àÿ >¨íqç¯ÿæ’ÿê ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ ™œÿ ¨d{Àÿ ™æDô $#¯ÿæ {SæsçF Ó´æ$êö ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Àëÿ¨{Àÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿæSàÿæ > Óæþ¿¯ÿæ’ÿê ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ †ÿæLëÿ fxÿ ¨Àÿç Lÿ澿ö LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {þÓçœÿÀÿ FLÿ AóÉ Àëÿ{¨ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > Lÿç;ëÿ ¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß A$ö `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿç ' Aæ$#öLÿ þœëÿÌ¿ ' Àÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ ¨í‚ÿö Àëÿ{¨ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > †ÿæ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿ{Àÿ {Óþæ{œÿ ' FLÿæŠ þæœÿ¯ÿ ' Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > ' A$öþæœÿ¯ÿ ', ' {¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ', ' {fð¯ÿçLÿêß FLÿLÿ ', ' ÓæþæfçLÿ ¨Éë ', ' ¾æ¦çLÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ' , B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç ÓþÖ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ Aæfç A¨÷æÓæèÿçLÿ H AÓèÿ†ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç ¨÷þæ~ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë 'FLÿæŠ þæœÿ¯ÿ' Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ Lëÿ Üÿ] AæþÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿê Aæ$#öLÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿ Aæ$#öLÿ FLÿLÿ vÿæÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿxÿ H ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ FLÿLÿ A{s > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ œÿçfÀÿ {fð¯ÿçLÿêß , {µÿò†ÿçLÿ (¯ÿÖë¯ÿæ’ÿê)Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ SëxÿçLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¾¦ ¨Àÿç Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {Lÿò~Óç {µÿò†ÿçLÿ H ×íÁÿ FLÿLÿ AæLÿæÀÿ{Àÿ {’ÿQç œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç ¯ÿÀÿó {Óþæ{œÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ Ó¯ÿö ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½Àÿ Ó´Àíÿ¨ {Àÿ Óíä½ H {`ÿð†ÿœÿ¿ ' FLÿæŠ þæœÿ¯ÿ ' Àëÿ{¨ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > †ÿæZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ þœëÿÌ¿ Óæäæ†ÿ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½Àÿ Üÿçô Ó´Àíÿ¨ A{s - ' AÜÿó ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½Ó½ç ' ¯ÿçQ¿æ†ÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj xÿ. µÿç.{Lÿ.AæÀÿ.µÿç. ÀÿæHZÿ ɱÿ{Àÿ -
“Human being is more than a mixture of mind and matter. He has a soul, or if you prefer, a conscience. He has values. He possesses a force which is greater than any other force in the world to which our sages called the soul force.”
(Value and Economic Development. P. 142)
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ þœëÿÌ¿ ÉÀÿêÀÿ, þœÿ, ¯ëÿ•ç, AæŠæLëÿ Óþ{¯ÿ†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > FÜÿç ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ þ~çÌ ÉÀÿêÀÿ H ¯ëÿ•çÀÿ þçÉ÷~ þæ†ÿ÷ œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó F$#{Àÿ AæŠæÀÿ ÉNÿç þš ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæLÿç Éë• µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~LÿæÀÿê H {’ÿð¯ÿêSë~{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¨í~ö > {†ÿ~ë þœëÿÌ¿ {¾Dôvÿç {SæsçF ¨{s œÿçfÀÿ Üõÿ’ÿßÀÿ ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ†ÿæ, þœÿÀÿ ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó Ó´æ$ö ¯õÿˆÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Óþæf{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ ÓþÓ¿æLëÿ fœÿ½’ÿçF Aœÿ¿ ¨{s ¾’ÿç †ÿæÀÿ A;ÿÀÿÀÿ Ó’ÿ¯õÿˆÿç F¯ÿó {’ÿ¯ÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ fæS÷†ÿ H {¨÷æûæÜÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ Ó¯ëÿ ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ Óë¢ÿÀÿ, ÓëQLÿÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿç ÓæþæfçLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~Àÿ ¯ÿæÜÿLÿ þš LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¨÷`ÿÁÿç†ÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿ †ÿæÀÿ œÿçf ×æœÿ {Qæfëdç > ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ ×æœÿ{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ ’ÿæÓ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç> {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ þœëÿÌ¿ {Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ, þæœÿ¯ÿêß Ó{º’ÿœÿæ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¨í‚ÿö FLÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ †ÿæÀÿ þÜÿæœÿ†ÿæ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ f~æB †ÿæÀÿ {¾æS¿†ÿæ H äþ†ÿæ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ †ÿæLëÿ D`ÿç†ÿ ×æœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ †ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç†ÿ´ A;ÿœÿ}Üÿç†ÿ {’ÿð¯ÿêß Daÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÌcæ{Àÿ †ÿæLëÿ Ó¯ëÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {¨÷æûæÜÿœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô {Üÿ¯ÿ >
4. ÓþS÷ H Óþœÿ´ç†ÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ - ÓþS÷ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉêÁÿ†ÿæ Àÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ -
(Integrated- Holistic Approch- The assumption of integrated rationality)
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ’ÿÉöœÿ FLÿ ÓþS÷, Óþœÿ´ç†ÿ H Ó;ëÿÁÿç†ÿ ’õÿÌcç{Lÿæ~{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ Lÿ{Àÿ > FÜÿç ’ÿÉöœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ {ÓÜÿç Aæ$#öLÿ ¨÷~æÁÿêLëÿ Ó{¯ÿæöˆÿþ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿Îç H ÓþÎç þ™¿{Àÿ Óþœÿ´ß ÀÿÜÿç$#¯ÿ > Aæ$#öLÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ FLÿ œÿç’ÿ}Î Óêþæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæ H Ó´Üÿç†ÿÀÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´ ÀÿÜÿç$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿæLëÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™, {¯ÿð™æœÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ þ晿þ{Àÿ Óæ¯ÿöfœÿçLÿ Ó´æ$ö (Üÿç†ÿ){Àÿ œÿç{’ÿöÉç†ÿ H œÿçßþç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë AæþÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ F¨Àÿç {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¾Dô vÿæ{Àÿ Ó´D’ÿ¿þ, {¨÷Àÿ~æ H ¨÷æ$þçLÿ D’ÿ¿þ ÓÜÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ œÿçߦ~Àÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ þš ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {¾¨Àÿç Aæ{þ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ þ™¿ LÿÜÿç ÓæÀÿçdë {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ þæ{œÿ ' A$öþæœÿ¯ÿ ' ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö ' FLÿæŠ þæœÿ¯ÿ ' Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > {Óþæ{œÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ’ÿÉöœÿ F¨Àÿç FLÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ {L ¢ÿ÷{Àÿ þæœÿç LÿÀÿçd;ÿç {¾ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ A$ö ¯ÿæ Aæ$öçLÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ ÜëÿF œÿæÜÿ] ¯ÿÀó {Ó Aæ$#öLÿ, ÓæþæfçLÿ, {œÿð†ÿçLÿ,™æþ}Lÿ, Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ, {fð¯ÿçLÿêß, ¨æÀÿç×ç†ÿçLÿêß, F¯ÿó Aœÿ¿ LÿæÀÿLÿSëxÿçLÿ ÓæþëÜÿçLÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ †ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó ÓþÓ¿æLëÿ {œÿB AàÿSæ -AàÿSæ AóÉ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæ H ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö FÜÿæLëÿ ÓþS÷ H H FLÿæŠ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ Üÿ] {’ÿQçd;ÿç > †ÿæZÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ÓþÓ¿æSëxÿçLÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ ÓÜÿ Aèÿæèÿê µÿæ{¯ÿ fxÿç†ÿ Ó ¨ÀÿØÀÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿÉêÁÿ H ¨ÀÿØÀÿ AæÉ÷ç†ÿ {ÜÿæB $æ;ÿç > ¨ÀÿØÀÿ Lÿ÷çßæ ¨÷†ÿçLÿ÷çßæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨ÀÿØÀLëÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿLëÿ Ó¯ÿö’ÿæ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë {Lÿò~Óç ÓþÓ¿æLëÿ AàÿSæ-AàÿSæ Àëÿ{¨ {’ÿQç †ÿæLëÿ v çLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlæ ¾ç¯ÿæ Ó»¯ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç {Lÿò~Óç ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ AàÿSæ {Lÿò~Óç Óþæ™æœÿ {Qæfæ ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] > þæœÿ¯ÿêß fê¯ÿœÿ ÓÜÿ Óº¤ÿç†ÿ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ÓþS÷ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓþÓ¿æ SëxÿçLëÿ œÿçfÀÿ ÓóLÿê‚ÿö A$ö{Àÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ H ¯ÿçˆÿêß Óêþæ þ™¿{Àÿ Óêþç†ÿ ÀÿQç œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç ¯ÿÀÿó FSëxçLÿÀÿ Ó¸LÿöLëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ÓæþæfçLÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ ÓÜÿ {¾æxÿç FÜÿæLëÿ FÜÿæLëÿ FLÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ¨õϵíÿþç{Àÿ Óþæ™æœÿ {Qæfç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷ßæÓ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ †ÿæZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷Öë†ÿ AæBœÿ H ¯ÿç™æœÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ ( Rules and regulation) †ÿ$æ †ÿæZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ œÿçþ}†ÿ Óó×æ SëxÿçLÿ FLÿæLÿê H FLÿ¨äêß œÿ {ÜÿæB Ó¯ÿö{†ÿæþëQê H Ó¯ÿö¨äêß A{s > †ÿæZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ œÿçþ}†ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ, ÓæþæfçLÿ, Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ, ™æþ}Lÿ Aæ’ÿç ÓþÖ ¨äÀÿ Óþœÿ´ß {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ þçÁÿç $æF > FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ {¯ÿæ™ ÜëÿF A{œÿLÿ Óþß{Àÿ Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ ÓþßÀÿ FLÿ¨äêß ¯ÿç{ÉÌj þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ FSëxÿçLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ AÓë¯ÿç™æ {ÜÿæBdç >
þæœÿ¯ÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ' Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉæÁÿ†ÿæ ' (economic rationality ) Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçÀÿ FLÿ þëQ¿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ A{s > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ FÜÿæ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ {¾ f{~ D¨{µÿæNÿæ Ó¯ëÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {ÓÜÿç ¯ÿÖë ¯ÿæ ¯ÿÖëÓþíÜÿÀÿ `ÿßœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ ¾æÜÿæ †ÿæZÿ ¨æBô Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ A™#Lÿ Aæ$#öLÿ àÿæµÿ {’ÿD$#¯ÿ > f{~ DŒæ’ÿœÿLÿæÀÿê Ó¯ÿöœÿçþ§ f{~ DŒæ’ÿLÿ Ó¯ÿö’ÿæ Lÿþ ¯ÿ¿ß{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {ÜÿæB¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿÖëLëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿædç¯ÿ A$¯ÿæ A™çLÿ àÿæµÿ ¨æB¯ÿæ ¨æBô DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ >
Óó{ä¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ {ä†ÿ÷ Aœÿ¿ ÓþÖ †ÿˆÿ´ SëxÿçLëÿ ×çÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ þëQ¿ LÿæÀÿLÿ Àíÿ{¨ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF> FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ' Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉæÁÿ†ÿæ ' Àÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ ' A$öþæœÿ¯ ' Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ Üÿçô Aæ$#öLÿ `ÿç;ÿœÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ ¨÷{¯ÿÉ Lÿ{Àÿ > Lÿç;ëÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ ÓóÓæÀÿ{Àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ FÜÿç þæœÿ¿†ÿæ vÿçLÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > ¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ þæ{œÿ FÜÿç † $¿Lëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Üõÿ’ÿßèÿþ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > {ÓþæœÿZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ †ÿˆÿ´ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ A™#LÿæóÉ Óêþæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß Së~, ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯õÿˆÿç , Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ , {¨÷Àÿ~æ , ÓæþæfçLÿ Àÿê†ÿç-œÿê†ÿç, œÿçf ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ, {œÿð†ÿçLÿ, ™æþ}Lÿ H ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ †ÿˆÿ´ , þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ H A{œÿLÿ †ÿˆÿ´ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > †ÿæZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ †ÿ$¿Àëÿ AàÿSæ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ †ÿ$¿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ A™¿ßœÿ †ÿ$æ A{œÿ´Ì~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {†ÿ~ë {Óþæ{œÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæH ¯ÿç{ÉÈÌ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Óþœÿ´ç†ÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿD$#{àÿ > ¨÷{üÿÓÀÿ þçxÿöàÿ þ™¿ FÜÿç þ†ÿ ÓÜÿ FLÿþ†ÿ $#¯ÿæ µÿÁÿç f~æ ¨xÿ;ÿç {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Ó LÿÜÿ;ÿç -
“Human behaviour is not constant like the movement of celestial bodies or molecules. It is dependent upon and determinded by the complex living conditions, the institutions, in which people exist, and by their attitudes, as those have been moulded by, at the same time as they are reacting against, those living conditions and institutions.”
(Myrdal, Against the stream. P.139)
F{¯ÿ †ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ A{œÿLÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçj FÜÿç þ†ÿÀÿ Óþ$öœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç {’ÿ{àÿ~ç > {†ÿ~ë AæþLÿë ¯ÿç{ÉÈÌ~ LÿÀÿç¯ æ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ FÜÿæLëÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ' Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉêÁÿ†ÿæ ' ×æœÿ{Àÿ ' ÓþS÷ ¯ÿç{¯ÿLÿÉêÁÿ†ÿ 'Àÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæLëÿ Aæ™æÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > AæþLëÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ œÿçfÀÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Ó´æ$öLë ÓæþæfçLÿ Ó´æ$öÀÿ AœëÿÀíÿ¨ Óþæ{ßæfç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {¨÷Àÿç†ÿ F¯ÿó {¨÷æûæÜÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ F¯ÿó F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Ó¯ÿöæ™#Lÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~Lëÿ þ™¿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ {É÷~ê ÓóWÌö œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó {É÷~ê ÓÜÿ{¾æS H {É÷~ê ¨íÀÿLÿ†ÿæÀÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê $#{àÿ > {Óþæ{œÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ LÿÀëÿ$#{àÿ {¾ Ó¸í‚ÿö ÓþæfÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô ÓþÖ {É÷~ê þ™¿{Àÿ ÓÜÿ{¾æSÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > Óþ{Ö ÓþÓZÿ ¨æBô D¨{¾æSê As;ÿç > {Óþæ{œÿ {Lÿ{¯ÿ {Üÿ{àÿ {SæsçF {É÷~êÀÿ Ó´æ$öLëÿ ¯ÿÁÿç {’ÿB Aœÿ¿ {É÷~ê ¯ÿæ ¯ÿSöLëÿ {¨÷æûæÜÿœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæÀÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê œÿ$#{àÿ > {†ÿ~ë {Óþæ{œÿ Ó¯ëÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ÓþæfÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {É÷~ê (¯ÿSö) F¯ÿó {ÓþæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó´æ$ö þ™¿{Àÿ Óë¢ÿÀÿ H ÓëQ’ÿ Óþœÿ´ß †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷ßæÓ {Àÿ Ó´æµÿæ¯ÿçLÿ $#àÿæ {¾ Óþæf ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿ D¨{Àÿ ’õÿÎç {’ÿD > †ÿæÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ FLÿ œÿ¿æߨí‚ÿö ÓþæfÀÿ ×樜ÿæ {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ >
FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿÀÿ Aæ{àÿæLÿ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ÓæþæfçLÿ- Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾Dô vÿæ{Àÿ ™œÿ H ™þö , ¯ÿÖë¯ÿæ’ÿç†ÿæ ({µÿò†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ) H A晿æŠçLÿ†ÿæ , Óó`ÿß, †ÿ¿æS , Aföœÿ , ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~, ¯ÿ¿Îç , ÓþÎç, ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Ó´æ$ö,Óæ¯ÿöfœÿêœÿ Ó´æ$ö, Ó´æ™#œÿ†ÿæ H œÿçßþœÿ Aæ’ÿç †ÿˆÿ´ þ™¿{Àÿ D`ÿç†ÿ Óþœÿ´ß ×æ¨ç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
5- ™þöæ™Àÿç†ÿ A$ö ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ (Dharma based Economic Structure)
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ{Àÿ ¨ëÀëÿÌæ$ö `ÿ†ëÿÎß A$öæ†ÿ ™þö, A$ö, Lÿæþ H {þæäLÿë fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ D{”É¿ {¯ÿæàÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > FÜÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ A$öæföœÿÀÿ ÓþÖ Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨ H Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¨ëÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô D¨{µÿæSÀÿ Lÿ澿ö ™þöÀÿ þ¾¿ö æ’ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¾ þ~çÌ {þæä ¨÷æ©ç ’ÿçS{Àÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
{†ÿ~ë þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓóLÿÅÿœÿæ{Àÿ ¨íqç H ¯ÿfæÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿœÿ ×æœÿ{Àÿ ™þö ({œÿð†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ) Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿœÿ ¯ÿÖë {Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ A$ö`ÿç;ÿœÿ ×æœÿ{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿ {Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ A$ö`ÿç;ÿœÿ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿ > Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæD FLÿ ¯ÿçÌß D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿ {¾ Lÿç¨Àÿç {’ÿÉÀÿ Óþõ•ç ¯ ÿç¯ÿæ ÓÜÿ Ó’ÿæ`ÿæÀÿ þ™¿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ ™þö Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ A$ö ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ œÿçþöæ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ >
œçÓ{¢ÿÜÿ{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ {¾ µÿæÀ †ÿêß Óþæf, µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ H µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þæœÿÓ ' ™þö ¨÷™æœÿ' ÀÿÜÿç AæÓçAdç > '™þö ɱÿ ' ™' ™æ†ëÿÀëÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿæBdç ¾æÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ ' ™æÀÿ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ' , 'œÿç¯ÿöæÜÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ', '{¨æÌ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ' ¯ÿæ '¨æÁÿç¯ÿæ' > F$#Àÿë {SæsçF Lÿ$æ ØÎ {¾ '™þö ' Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ H Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨ Àÿ œÿæþ A{s ¾æÜÿæ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ œÿçþöæ~, œÿç¯ÿöæÜÿ H {¨æÌ~ Lÿ{Àÿ >
' ™æÀÿ~þ’úÿ™þöæþç†ÿ¿æÜëÿ ™þö~æ ¯ÿç™õ†ÿ… ¨÷fæ… ' > FÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ ™þöÀÿ A$ö {ÓÜÿç ÓæþæfçLÿ H {œÿð†ÿçLÿ œÿçßþ †ÿ$æ þ¾¿ö æ’ÿæ Lëÿ {œÿB ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæ ÓþæfÀÿÿ ™æÀÿ~ - {¨æÌ~ H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ A{s > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ™þö {œÿð†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ Óþæœÿæ$öLÿ ɱÿ As;ÿç > ¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæœÿZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ {ÓÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ A$ö ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ þèÿÁÿLÿæÀÿê {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ¾æÜÿæ ™þöæÉ÷ßê {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ ™þö ’ÿ´æÀÿæ œÿçߦç†ÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ > {†ÿ~ë {ÓþæœÿZÿ AœÿëÓæ{Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ (A$¯ÿæ ™þö)Lëÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç , A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ, A$ö ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ H Aæ$#öLÿ Óç•æ;ÿÀëÿ AàÿSæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] H AàÿSæ þ™¿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > {¾¨Àÿç {Lÿ.µÿç.ÀÿèÿæÓ´æþê AæßæÀÿ LÿÜÿçd;ÿç {¾
“The interdependence of economics and ethics has been a fundamental assumption of all Indian thought.”
(Aiyangar : Aspects of Ancient Indian Economic Thought, p.22)
FÜÿç Lÿ$æLëÿ ¯ëÿlæB Sæ¤ÿêfê LÿÜÿç$#{àÿ -
“I must confess that I do not draw a sharp or any distinction between economics and ethics. Economics that hurts the moral well being of an individual or a Nation is immoral and therefore sinful.”
(Prabhu R.K. and Rao U. R. : The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi, p.152)
xÿ. µÿç.{Lÿ. AæÀÿ.µÿç. ÀÿæH þ™¿ LÿÜÿçd;ÿç -
“ What seens to me is that the world cannot afford this imbalance between ethical and economic development whether in the traditional or in the industrial societies and that what we need is a right balance between ethics and economics, what Vinoba Bhave would call integration of science with spirituality, or what may otherwise be termed as the integration of economic development with spiritual values.”
(Rao, V.K.R.V. : Value and Eco. Development, The Indian Challenge pp.43-44) -
FÜÿç µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lëÿ Óþ$öœÿ LÿÀÿç ¯ÿçÉ´ ¨÷Óç• A$öœÿê†ÿçj SëœÿæÀÿ þçxÿöæàÿ þ™¿ ØÎ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ {WæÌ~æ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ {¾ -
'Economics is a moral science' ( A$öœÿê†ÿç FLÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿçjæœÿ A{s )
(Myrdal Gunnar : Against the stream, critical Essays on Economics, preface, viii)
{Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLç œÿë{Üÿô ¨ƒç†ÿ f¯ÿæÜÿÀÿàÿæàÿ {œÿ{ÜÿÀëÿ œÿçf þõ†ÿ¿ëÀÿ ’ëÿB ’ÿçœÿ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ {’ÿÜÿÀÿæ’ëœÿÀÿ ÓLÿ}s ÜÿæDÓ{Àÿ ¨÷Óç• Sæ¤ÿê¯ÿæ’ÿê ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ þŸæÀÿæß~Zÿ ¨ëÖLÿ ' Socialism in India'{Àÿ {àÿQçd;ÿç -
“In India, it is important for use to profit by modern technical processes and increase our production both in agriculture and industry. But in doing so, we must not forget that the essential objective to be aimed at, is the quality of the individual and the concept of Dharma underlying it.”
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {¾ FÜÿç ÓóÓæÀÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ œÿçßþÀÿ A™êœÿ A{s > F~ë fê¯ÿœÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ œÿç¯ÿöæ`ÿœÿLëÿ Üÿ] Óë{¾æS ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿæ FLÿ ™þö {ä†ÿ÷ A{s > {†ÿ~ë {¯ÿæ™ ÜëÿF {Óþæ{œÿ ™þö ({œÿð†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ)Lëÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçÀÿ þíÁÿ Aæ™æÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç {WæÌç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö œëÿ{Üÿô {¾ {Óþæ{œÿ þœëÿÌ¿ fê¯ÿœÿ{Àÿ ' A$ö ' Àÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀëÿ œÿ$#{àÿ > {Óþæ{œÿ FÜÿç Lÿ$æ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿD$#{àÿ {¾ A$ö fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ Ó晜ÿ A{s , Ó晿 œëÿ{Üÿô > FÜÿæ fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ AóÉ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ A{s , Óó¨í‚ÿö fê¯ÿœÿ œëÿ{Üÿô >
`ÿæ{Àÿæsç ¨ëÀÿëÌæ$ö ™þö, A$ö, Lÿæþ H {þæä þ™¿Àëÿ FÜÿæ ( A$ö) {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ {SæsçF ¨ëÀÿÌæ$ö A{s > {†ÿ~ë {Óþæ{œÿ A$ö H ™þöÀÿ D`ÿç†ÿ Óþœÿ´ß D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿD$#{àÿ > Lÿç;ëÿ ¾’ÿç {Lÿ{¯ÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç H ™þö œÿê†ÿç þ™¿{Àÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™ DŒŸ ÜëÿF {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ œÿçÓ{Zÿæ`ÿ Àíÿ¨{Àÿ ™þöœÿê†ÿçÀÿ œÿçßþ SëxÿçLëÿ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæ {’ÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > F Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {Lÿòsçàÿ¿, ¾æj¯ÿàÿLÿ¿, œÿæÀÿ’ÿ Aæ’ÿç þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ ØÎ Àíÿ{¨ {WæÌ~æ LÿÀÿç$ç{àÿ ' A$öÉæÚæÖë ¯ÿàÿ¯ÿ’ÿ™þöÉæÚæþç†ÿç ×ç†ÿç…- ( {Lÿòsçàÿ¿, (œÿæÀÿ’ÿ 39), ßæj >>21) FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ{Àÿ A$öLÿë ™þö †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ ’ÿ´ç†ÿêß ×æœÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > `ÿæ{Àÿæsç ¨ëÀëÿÌæ$öÀÿ Lÿ÷þ{Àÿ ™þö ¨{Àÿ A$öLëÿ ×æœÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ FÜÿæÀÿ ¨÷þæ~ A{s > þÜÿæµÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ Éæ;ÿç ¨¯ÿö{Àÿ œÿLëÿÁÿ H ÓÜÿ{’ÿ¯ÿ ™œÿ H ™þö þ™¿{Àÿ ¯ÿÜëÿ Óë¢ÿÀÿ Óþœÿ´ßÀÿ ¨÷†ÿç¨æ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç LÿÜÿçd;ÿç {¾ ™þö¾ëNÿ ™œÿ H ™œÿ ¾ëNÿ ™þö Üÿ] ÓóÓæÀÿ{Àÿ µÿàÿ üÿÁÿæüÿÁÿ Aæ~ç ¨æÀÿ;ÿç > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿLÿ þæ{œÿ Fxÿþ Ó½ç$Zÿ µÿÁÿç A$öœÿê†ÿç {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ' ™œÿÀÿ ¯ÿçjæœÿ ' {¯ÿæàç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç œÿæÜÿçô > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Üÿç¢ë `ÿç;ÿœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ A$öÉæÚLëÿ ™þöÉæÚÀÿ þ¾¿ö æ’ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Üÿ] Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {¾{¯ÿ- {¾{¯ÿ FÜÿç œÿçßþÀÿ DàÿâóWœÿ {ÜÿæBdç {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ÓþæfLëÿ LÿÎ DvÿæB¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿçdç > FÜÿç ¨êxÿæ{Àÿ þþöæÜÿ†ÿ {ÜÿæB þÜÿúÌ} ¯ÿ¿æÓ LÿÜÿçd;ÿç
" E™ö¯ÿ¯ÿæÜëÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ{þ¿Ì œÿ Üÿç LÿÊÿç†ÿ É÷õ{~æ†ÿç þæþ> "
™þöæ’ÿ$öÊÿLÿæþÊÿ Ó ™þöó Lÿçó œÿ {Ó¯ÿ¿{†ÿ >> -¯ÿ¿æÓ µÿÀÿ†ÿ Óæ¯ÿç†ÿ÷ê {Ó÷æ†ÿ
FÜÿæLÿë Sæ¤ÿêfê œÿç{þ§æNÿ ɱÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlæBd;ÿç -
“True economics never militates against the highest ethical standards, just as all true ethics worth its name must at the same time be also good economics. An economics that inculcates mamon worship and enables the strong to amass wealth at the expense to the weak is a false and dismal science.”
(Gandhiji, Harizan, Sept. 10, 1937)
Fvÿæ{Àÿ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ’õÿÎç ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > FÜÿæ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLëÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ Àíÿ¨ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Ó ÓþßÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç Óó×æ þæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ †ÿ$æ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ þæœ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ ¾æÜÿæ þ晿þ{Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™, ÓæþæfçLÿ Aæ’ÿÉöÀÿ AœëÿÀíÿ¨ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ {’ÿðœÿ¢ÿçœÿ fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿêÀÿ FLÿ AµÿçŸ Aèÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > {ÓÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Aæ{þ `ÿæÀÿç ¨ëÀëÿÌæ$ö L Åÿœÿæ, ¯ÿ‚ÿö æÉ÷þ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ, þçÁÿç†ÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê, ÉçäæÀÿ SëÀëÿLëÿÁÿ ¨•†ÿç, ¨ó`ÿ þÜÿæ¾j, , Aœÿ¿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¾j, ’ÿæœÿ ’ÿäç~æ, Ó¯ÿö¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ, ¨ëœÿföœÿ½, LÿþöüÿÁÿ, ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç ¨÷†ÿç fœÿœÿê µÿæ¯ÿ, s÷ÎçÓç¨, ’ÿßæ, ¨{Àÿæ¨LÿæÀÿ, ¨ÀÿÜÿç†ÿ, †ÿ¿æS µÿÁÿç Së~Àÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´, {Ó§Üÿ, ÓÜÿ{¾æS, Óæ™ë†ÿæ, Óæˆÿ´çLÿ†ÿæ, ÓÜÿ{¾æSç†ÿæ, Ó¯ÿöLÿàÿ¿æ~Àÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ Aæ’ÿç µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ ¯ÿç{É̈ÿ´ Àíÿ{¨ {’ÿQæ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ AæþLëÿ {ÓÜÿç ÓæþæfçLÿ H {œÿð†ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ Lÿ$æLëÿ þ{œÿ ¨LÿæB ’ÿçF ¾æÜÿæÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ¾ëSæœëLíÿÁÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ç†ÿ > FÜÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ÓóS÷Üÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö †ÿ¿æS, Ó´æ$ö ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö {Ó¯ÿæ, {ÉæÌ~ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö {¨æÌ~, ÓóWÌö ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö ÓÜÿ{¾æS, Wõ~æ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö {Ó§Üÿ, , Ó¸ˆÿç D¨{Àÿ œÿçf ¯ÿæ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿê Ó´æþçˆÿ´ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö CÉ´Àÿ Ó´æþçˆÿ´ FÜÿç œíÿ†ÿœÿ A$ö ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ Óí†ÿ÷ {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿ;ÿç >
¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ Ó½&õ†ÿçLÿæÀÿ {’ÿÉ LÿæÁÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿçLëÿ {œÿB †ÿ$æ Óþæf{Àÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁëÿ$#¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ÓæþæfçLÿ , Aæ$#öLÿ Óó×æ , †ÿæZÿÀÿ ØÀëÿ¨, {ÓSëxÿçLÿÀÿ Lÿ澿ö ¨÷~æÁÿê,Óþæf fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨ ¨÷†ÿç ’õÿÎç {Lÿæ~ ÓþÓæþßçLÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ Aæ’ÿç{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ LÿÀÿç œíÿAæ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {’ÿ¯ÿæÀÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀëÿ$#{àÿ > {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™Lëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ S†ÿçÉêÁÿ F¯ÿó Lÿæ¾æöœÿ´ç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¾ëSæœëÿÀíÿ¨ Óó×æ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ œÿçþæö~ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ, ¨ëÀëÿ~æ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ SëxÿçLëÿ ÓþßæœëÿLëÿÁÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ , œíÿAæ ¨ÀÿçµÿæÌæ/ Óójæ þæšþ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿æQ¿æ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ ¾’ÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ ÜëÿF {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæLëÿ ¨Àÿç†ÿ¿æS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ ÓþæfÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ H þæœÿ¿†ÿæ SëxÿçLëÿ Ó´æS†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ >
AæfçÀÿ ÓóÓæÀÿ{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ ¨÷þëQ A$öœÿê†ÿçj F¯ÿó ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿþæ{œÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ A$ö ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ (Economic Structure) Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ Aœëÿµÿ¯ÿ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç > F¨Àÿç ×{Áÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ ’õÿÎç Ó´æµÿ¯ÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ AæxÿLëÿ ¾æDdç > xÿ. ÉëþæLÿÀÿ A technology with human face F¯ÿó A Study of Economics as if people mattered. D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç > Paul- Masc Theory Zÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ ¯ÿçÉ´ Àÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ D’ÿß FLÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ- Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ Óë{þÁÿ ( Ethics Political Negotiations) Àëÿ Üÿ] {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ > Culture, Society and Economics for a new World Rechard ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ ¨ëÖLÿ{Àÿ FÜÿæ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æBdç {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô Ó¸í‚ÿö Óþæf ¨æBô FLÿ A™#Lÿ œÿ¿æߨí‚ÿö ¨÷~æÁÿê ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > > FÜÿç Lÿ÷þ{Àÿ Richard .L. Brinkman †ÿæZÿÀÿ ¨ëÖLÿ 'Cultural Economics' {Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Lÿë ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ ÿæó`ÿæ{Àÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfêÀÿ ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô F{¯ÿ †ÿ ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ þæ{œÿ F{¯ÿ †ÿ ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ þæ{œÿ ' Spiritual Quotient in Develooment ' Àÿ þš `ÿ`ÿöæ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç >
6. ÓëþèÿÁÿþÀÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ ¯ÿÜëÿ Aæßæþê ( Multi Dimenensional) A{s H FÜÿæ A†ÿ¿;ÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ A{s > FÜÿæ þš{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ , ™æþ}Lÿ , {Éðä~çLÿ Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ Aæ’ÿç A{œÿLÿ Aæßæþ Óæþçàÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ¿æ©†ÿæ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ þœëÿÌ¿ þæœÿZÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ Óêþç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó Ó¸í‚ÿö `ÿÀÿæ`ÿÀÿ fS†ÿ H Ó¸í‚ÿö ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ H µÿ¯ÿçÌ¿†ÿÀÿ ÓþÖZëÿ œÿçf þš{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ LÿÀÿç ÀÿQçdç > > FÜÿæ AÅÿLÿæÁÿêœÿ, ä~çLÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨êÿê ¨æBô œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó ’ÿêWöLÿæÁÿêœÿ , ’íÿÀÿSæþê, µÿæ¯ÿê ¨êÿê þæœÿZÿ ¨æBô †ÿ$æ fœÿ½-fœÿ½æ;ÿÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¨ÀÿçLÿÅÿœÿæ A{s > FÜÿæÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ¨íˆÿöç{Àÿ Üÿ] œÿæÜÿ] ¯ÿÀÿó FÜÿæÀÿ Üÿç†ÿ Ó晜ÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæ œÿçf þš{Àÿ FLÿ Óë¢ÿÀÿ (Unique) A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ ¾æÜÿæ ¯ÿÜëÿAæßæþê {Üÿ¯ÿæ Ó{èÿ Ó{èÿ ¯ÿÜëÿ A$êö A{s >
7- F$#{Àÿ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºœÿ H Ó´{’ÿÉê ’ÿÉöœÿLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > 'Ó´Ó晜ÿ' ɱÿLëÿ œÿçf {’ÿÉ/ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ D¨àÿ² Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS þæšþ{Àÿ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {fæÀÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ D{”É¿{Àÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > Ó´{’ÿÉê ’ÿÉöœÿÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ 'Ó´' Àÿ Óæäæ†ÿLÿæÀÿ F¯ÿó 'Óˆÿ´ÿ' fæSÀÿ~Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ A{s > Fvÿæ{Àÿ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ ¯ëÿlç ÀÿQç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¾ Ó´{’ÿÉêÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ {Lÿò~Óç ÓZëÿ`ÿç†ÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ ¨õϵíÿþç{Àÿ FÜÿæ FLÿ Ó¯ÿö¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ, Óæ¯ÿö{µÿòþçLÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ A{s > ÓþÖ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¨æBô ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô {SæsçF ¨÷æÀëÿ¨ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ]ô > ¯ÿç¯ÿ癆ÿæ {ÜÿDdç Dµÿß ÓóÓæÀÿÀÿ Ó†ÿ¿ F¯ÿó {Óò¢ÿ¾¿ö > ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ {’ÿÉ Óþæf œÿçfÀÿ ÓÜÿf H Ó´æµÿæ¯ÿçLÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç †ÿ$æ {ÓvÿæLÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ H ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ œÿçf œÿçf ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨${Àÿ `ÿæàÿç þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ Ó»¯ÿ Daÿ†ÿæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¨Üÿó`ÿç¨æÀÿç{¯ÿ > Üÿô F Lÿ$æ œÿçÊÿç†ÿ {¾ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ œÿçf œÿçf ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¾æ†ÿ÷æÀÿ FÜÿç Lÿ÷þ{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿÀÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæ H ¨÷{ßæSÀÿ àÿæµÿ DvÿæB¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > FþæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ ¨Àÿæ¯ÿàÿºœÿ H ¨Àÿfê¯ÿê œÿ {ÜÿæB ¨ÀÿبÀÿæàÿºœÿ †ÿ$æ ¨æÀÿØÀÿçLÿ ÓÜÿ{¾æS H ¨íÀÿLÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæ ÓÜÿç†ÿ Lÿçdç Óæ¯ÿö{µÿòþçLÿ H Ó¯ÿöLÿæÁÿêœÿ ÉæÉ´†ÿ fê¯ÿœÿ þíàÿ¿ ÀÿÜÿç$#¯ÿæ Lÿ$æ þš Ó†ÿ¿ > ÓþÖ {’ÿÉ H ÓþæfLëÿ FÜÿæ D¨{Àÿ ’õÿÎç ÀÿQç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæ þš{Àÿ Üÿ] Ó´{’ÿÉê ’ÿÉöœÿ, ¯ÿçÉ´ Lÿàÿ¿æ~Àÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ þš œÿçfLëÿ ¨÷†ÿçÏç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¨æÀÿç$æF >
8- ' ÓëQ ' ÉÀÿêÀÿ, þœÿ, ¯ëÿ•ç H AæŠæ ÓÜÿ fxÿç†ÿ FLÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ A{s > FÜÿæLëÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ D¨{¾æSç†ÿæ (Economic Utillities) Àíÿ{¨ ¨÷Lÿs LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > FÜÿæ FLÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæÓç• †ÿ$¿ A{s {¾ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿÖë þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ ÓëQ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] > A$æö†ÿ ™œÿ Ó¸ˆÿçÀÿ ¯õÿ•ç AæD ÓëQ þš{Àÿ Ó¯ëÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ÓLÿæÀÿæŠLÿ ÓÜÿ Óº¤ÿ (Positive co-relation) {’ÿQæ¾æF œÿæÜÿ] > Lÿç;ÿë FÜÿæ Ó†ÿ¿ {¾ {µÿò†ÿçLÿ H ÉæÀÿêÀÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀÿ Aµÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ þ~çÌ ÓëQê {ÜÿæB ¨ææ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿçô > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ þ~çÌ fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ AÖç†ÿ´ F¯ÿó †ÿæÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ-¨æÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿçLÿ ’ÿæßç†ÿ´Àÿ œÿç¯ÿæöÜÿ ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß {µÿò†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæ SëxÿçLÿ D¨àÿ² LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ þœÿ, ¯ëÿ•ç, AæŠæÀÿ Ó;ëÿÎç ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ , ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~, þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ F¯ÿó ÓæþæfçLÿ -þæœÿ¯ÿêß Ó¸LÿöÀÿ Àÿ`ÿœÿæ þš LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç Ó¸í‚ÿö ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ D¨{Àÿ ’õÿÎç {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ {þæs D¨{Àÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö Óþæf{Àÿ ÓëQ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {ÜÿD > FÜÿæ œÿ¿æߨí‚ÿö DŒæ’ÿœÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ ¨÷~æÁÿê †ÿ$æ Óþ†ÿæþíÁÿLÿ ÓþÀÿÓ Óþæf AæxÿLëÿ Ó{Zÿ†ÿ Lÿ{Àÿ >
9- FÜÿç Óójæ{Àÿ fê¯ÿœÿÖÀÿ þš (Standard of Life ) ɱÿ þš fê¯ÿœÿ-¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ (Standard of living)vÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ A$ö ¯ÿçÉçÎ A{s > fê¯ÿœÿ -¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç {Ó¯ÿæ H ¨÷†ÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç D¨àÿ²†ÿæ D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ Lÿç;ëÿ fê¯ÿœÿÖÀÿ{Àÿ FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ fê¯ÿœÿ Aæ’ÿÉö, þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™, þæœÿ¯ÿêß ÓæþæfçLÿ H {œÿð†ÿçLÿ Së~ - þæœÿÓçLÿ AÉæ;ÿç ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ fê¯ÿœÿ, ¨÷’íÿÌ~ ÀÿÜÿç†ÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ, {¨÷þ, {Ó§Üÿ,ÓÜÿ{¾æS, AæŠÓ¼æœÿ, A抯ÿçÉ´æÓ, Óþ¨ö~ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ Aæ’ÿç Óæþçàÿ ÀÿÜÿç$æF > Óó{ä¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ fê¯ÿœÿ-¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç†ÿ´Lëÿ Aµÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ÖÀÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿ¿Nÿç†ÿ´Lëÿ Aµÿç¯ÿ¿Nÿ LÿÀÿç$æF >
' fê¯ÿœÿÖÀÿ' H ' fê¯ÿœÿ-¾æ¨œÿ ÖÀÿ 'FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ SëxÿçLÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæÀëÿ þçÁÿç$#¯ÿæ ’ÿç¯ÿ¿ H µÿ¯ÿ¿ †ÿ$æ {É÷ß H {¨÷ß µÿÁÿç ™æÀÿ~æ þæšþ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ µÿàÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > AæþÀÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ{Àÿ {É÷ßLëÿ Üÿ] A™#Lÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´ ’ÿçAæ¾æBdç F¯ÿó FÜÿæ Üÿ] AæþÀÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö fê¯ÿœÿ {ÉðÁÿêÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ A{s > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿÀÿ D¨{µÿæNÿæ¯ÿæ’ÿÀÿ A¤ÿ {’ÿòxÿÀÿ ÉêLÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Lëÿ F þæšþ{Àÿ Üÿ] œÿçf þèÿÁÿÀÿ ¨$ þçÁÿç ¨æ{Àÿ >
µëÿàÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ樒ÿƒ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿê{Àÿ AæÓë$#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ D¨{Àÿ LÿæLÿæ Lÿæ{àÿàÿLÿÀÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ ¨÷Óç• ¨ëÖLÿ '¾ëSæœëÿLëÿÁÿ Üÿç¢ëÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ’õÿÎç ' {Àÿ {àÿQçd;ÿç > {Ó {àÿQçd;ÿç -
'' µÿ’ÿ÷†ÿæ AæþÀÿ Aæ;ÿÀÿçLÿ ¯ÿÖë $#àÿæ > FÜÿæLëÿ Aæ{þ àëÿSæ H {fæ†ÿæ {’ÿæLÿæœÿÀëÿ {œÿBS{àÿ , {þæsÀÿSæxÿç F¯ÿó ¯ÿçþæœÿ{Àÿ µÿ÷þ~ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSç{àÿ > FÜÿæ AæSLëÿ {LÿDô vÿæLëÿ ¾ç¯ÿ {Ó ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ f~æ œÿæÜÿçô > Aæfç AæþÀÿ µÿ’ÿ÷†ÿæ ÉÖæ àëÿSæ ¨ç¤ÿç{àÿ A¨þæœÿç†ÿ {ÜÿDdç > ¾’ÿç WÀÿ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ÿèÿ{Àÿ ÓëÓgç†ÿ {ÜÿæB œÿæÜÿçô Aæþ D¨{Àÿ Aæó`ÿ AæÓëdç > ¯ÿ¿æZÿ{Àÿ Aæþ œÿæþ{Àÿ {¾Dô sZÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç †ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿçþæ~ ¾’ÿç Lÿþ ÜëÿF {†ÿ{¯ÿ AæþÀÿ µÿ’ÿ÷†ÿæ LÿÁÿZÿç†ÿ {ÜÿDdç > Aæ{þ µëÿàÿç ¾æD{d {¾ F¨Àÿç Ó¼æœÿ æLëÿ þëƒ{Àÿ {¯ÿæÜÿç FÜÿæÀÿ Aæ’ÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ A†ÿ¿;ÿ àÿgæfœÿLÿ A{s > ''
{†ÿ~ë Aæfç FLÿ F¨Àÿç œíÿAæ fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿêLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæ þÜÿèÿæ H A~fÀëÿÀÿê ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÓóS÷Üÿ Àÿ {WÀÿæ{Àÿ œÿ ÀÿÜÿç þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ D’ÿæˆÿ fê¯ÿœÿ AæxÿLëÿ {œÿB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
11- ÓëþèÿÁÿþ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ’ÿÉöœÿ A{s ¾æÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ ¨Éë†ÿ´Àëÿ {’ÿ¯ÿ†ÿ´ AæxÿLëÿ œÿçF F¯ÿó {ÓÜÿç ’ÿçS{Àÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ ÜëÿF >
' ÓëþèÿÁÿþ' Àÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ ¾’ÿç Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç œÿçAæ¾æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓæÜÿç†ÿ¿{Àÿ {¯ÿð¨È¯ÿçLÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ AæÓç¾ç¯ÿ > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ Aæ{þ A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿæfœÿ Óæþæœÿ¿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ LÿÀÿç AæÓçdë > ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ, AÅÿ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ ( A$¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ) H A¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ > Lÿç;ëÿ F{¯ÿ ÓëþèÿÁÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿæfœÿ œÿçþ§ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ >
1- þèÿÁÿþßê A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ
2-þèÿÁÿÉêÁÿ /þèÿ{Áÿæœÿ½&ëQê A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ
3.þèÿÁÿÀÿÜÿç†ÿ /þèÿÁÿÜÿêœÿ /þèÿÁÿœÿ¿&ëœÿ A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ
FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓæÜÿç†ÿ¿Àÿ Lÿçdç Aœÿ¿ ɱÿæ¯ÿÁÿê{Àÿ þš ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ FB ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
1- þèÿÁÿ Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç / ¾ëNÿç ( Mangal Strategy)
2. þèÿÁÿ þæSö / ¨$ /ÀÿæÖæ ( Mangal Path )
3. þèÿÁÿ œÿê†ÿç ( Mangal Policy )
4. ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þèÿÁÿ ¨÷æÀëÿ¨ þ{xÿàÿ ( Mangal Model of Development)
5. þèÿÁÿ þæ¨ /Óí`ÿLÿ / Ó{Zÿ†ÿLÿ ( Mangal Index)
¯ÿÖë†ÿ… {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ É±ÿ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ AÓ¸í‚ÿö {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ †ÿæ ÓÜÿ þèÿÁÿ ɱÿ {fæÝç œÿ {ÜÿæBdç > {†ÿ~ë Aæ{þ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œëÿ{Üÿô þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ `ÿæÜëÿô > þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ É±ÿÀÿ F{†ÿ Óæþ$ö H Ó¸í‚ÿö†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç {¾ Aæ{þ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæ þæ{†ÿ÷ F¨Àÿç Aœëÿµÿ¯ÿ ÜëÿF {¾ Aæ{þ þœÿÀÿ ÓþÖ µÿæ¯ÿ H ÓþÖ BbÿæLëÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿ LÿÀëÿdç >
þèÿÁÿ þæ¨ Óí`ÿLÿ- Aæ{þ AæþÀÿ ¨í¯ÿö¯ÿˆÿöê ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ Aæ{þ LÿÜÿçÓæÀÿçdë {¾ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þæ¨ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {¾†ÿçLÿç þ樒ÿƒ H Óí`ÿLÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç †ÿæÜÿæ AÓ¸í‚ÿö , AÓèÿ†ÿ H A¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿÀÿçLÿ A{s > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ {Ó†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿ µÿ÷æþLÿ H ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™æ¯ÿæÓê As;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ H Óí`ÿLÿ {Qæfç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæD {SæsçF Lÿ$æLëÿ ØÎ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ Ó¯ëÿ {’ÿÉ ¨æBô H Ó¯ëÿ Óþß ¨æBô {SæsçF Óþæœÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLÿë ¨í‚ÿö Àëÿ¨{Àÿ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ µÿæÌæ{Àÿ ÓóQ¿æŠLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ þ¨æ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F¨Àÿç Lÿçdç fçœÿçÌ ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæÀÿ Lÿçdç þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ ÓóQ¿æŠLÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ Ó»¯ÿ A{s > Lÿç;ëÿ F¨Àÿç A{œÿLÿ ’ÿçS ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæLëÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ {’ÿQæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ A$¯ÿæ ¾æÜÿæÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ µÿæ¯ÿfS†ÿ Àÿ Aœëÿµíÿ†ÿç ÓÜÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿ Lÿ$æLëÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ÀÿQç µÿæÀÿ†ÿ Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ H Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ †ÿ{Áÿ ¯ÿ‚ÿöœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > FÜÿæ FLÿ ¨÷æÀÿ»çLÿ H ¨÷æ$þçLÿ ¨÷ßæÓ A{s >
F$#{Àÿ ¯ÿÜëÿ†ÿ Lÿçdç Óë™æÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > œÿçfÀÿ ÓêþæLëÿ `ÿçÜÿ§ç H fæ~ç FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿ Óí`ÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ `ÿç;ÿœÿÀÿ ’ÿçSLëÿ ’ÿÉæöB¯ÿæ ¨æBô FÜÿç Óí`ÿLÿ / Ó{Zÿ†ÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
1- ¨÷†ÿç¨íqç- FLÿLÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ (Output per Unit of Capital )
2- ¨÷†ÿç ÉNÿç - FLÿLÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ( Output per Unit Energy)
3- ¨÷†ÿç ¨÷æLõÿ†ÿçLÿ ÓºÁÿ - FLÿLÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ( Output per Unit Natural Resources)
4- {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ Aœëÿ¨æ†ÿ (Employment Ratio)
FÜÿæLëÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ Óí†ÿ÷Àÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ{Àÿ S~œÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
{ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç $#¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçZÿ {þæs ÓóQ¿æ (Total Number of Employment )
{þæs É÷þ ÉNÿç (Total Labour Force)
5- Éíœÿ¿ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ (A$¯ÿæ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ) ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ Üÿ÷æÓ (Reduction in the Number of zero employment household)
6- {’ÿÉÀÿ {þæs fœÿÓóQ¿æÀÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ SëxÿçLÿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿç$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçZÿ Aœëÿ¨æ†ÿ
(Ratio of Persons having basic necessities of life in total people of the country)
A$¯ÿæ
’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ Óêþæ {ÀÿQæ †ÿ{Áÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ / {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿó`ÿç†ÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ ÓóQ¿æ{Àÿ Üÿ÷æÓ
(Reduction in Number of below poverty line household or household without basic basic necessities)
8- œÿçþ§†ÿþ 20 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ H Daÿ†ÿþ 20 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ þš{Àÿ AæßÀÿ ¨æ$öLÿ¿ H D¨{µÿæS ¨æ$öLÿ¿{Àÿ Üÿ÷æÓ
( Reduction of Income gap and consumption gap between lowest 20 % and highest 20% households )
9- Éçäæ H œÿç¾ëNÿç Óë{¾æS{Àÿ Óþæœÿ†ÿæ, (Equal opprtunities to all for education and employment)
10- ¨÷’íÿÌ~ þëNÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ ( Pollution free environment)
11- Óë× fê¯ÿœÿ (Healthy Life)
12. ’ëÿÊÿç;ÿæ þëNÿ fê¯ÿœÿ (Tention free life ) þæœÿÓçLÿ, ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿçLÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ , ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÓæßçLÿ H A;ÿ{’ÿöÉêß ’ëÿÊÿç;ÿæÀëÿ þëNÿç
13-ÓëQ œÿç’ÿ÷æ (Happy and Healthy Sleeping)
14- ÓþÀÿÓ, ÓëQ’ÿ F¯ÿó ¨÷üëÿàÿâç†ÿ ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿçLÿ H Óæþë’ÿæßçLÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ( Harmonious and Happy Family and community Life)
15- þÜÿçÁÿæ, ÉçÉë H ¯õÿ• þæœÿZÿÀÿ Óþæf{Àÿ Ó¼æœÿfœÿLÿ ×æœÿ †ÿ$æ †ÿæZÿÀÿ {¨æÌ~ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó¼æœÿfœÿLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ
( Respectful place to woman, children and aged persons in the society and proper arrangement for their nourishment and development )
16- {Ó§Üÿ H ÓÜÿ{¾æSÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ
17- fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ Daÿ Aæ’ÿÉöÀÿ Ó晜ÿæÀÿ Óë{¾æS H Óë¯ÿç™æ þçÁÿç¯ÿæ
18-þœëÿÌ¿ ÓÜÿ ¨Éë ¨äê H Lÿês ¨†ÿèÿ Zÿ µÿÀÿ~ {¨æÌ~Àÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ H Óë{¾æS D¨àÿ² ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ >
19 Ó´æ™#œÿ†ÿæ
20- ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ DŸ†ÿç
Aæfç {¾{{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçÉ´ fçxÿç¨ç Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þæ¨ H þ{xÿàÿLëÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿæB¯ÿæÀÿ `ÿ`ÿöæ AæÀÿ» {ÜÿæBSàÿæ~ç fæ¨æœÿê A$öœÿê†ÿçj Éç{Sæ{ÀÿæûëÀÿ ¯ÿçÉë•- ÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿàÿ¿æ~ (Net National walfare )Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > FÜÿæLëÿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿç ÓæÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô S÷Ó œÿ¿æÓœÿæàÿ ¨÷xÿLÿu ( Gross National Product) {Àÿ ’ëÿWös~æ, ¾æ†ÿæßæ†ÿÀÿ ÓþÓ¿æ, ¨÷’íÿÌ~, ÓæþæfçLÿ fê¯ÿœÿ{Àÿ Üÿ÷æÓ ¨æD$#¯ÿæ ÖÀÿ Aæ’ÿç Lÿ$æLëÿ Lÿþ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > µëÿsæœÿÀÿ ¨í¯ÿö†ÿœÿ Àÿæfæ þ™¿ fçxÿç¨ç ×æœÿ{Àÿ {þæs ÀÿæÎ÷êß ÓëQ (Gross National Happiness)Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ æ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç > Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¨í¯ÿö†ÿœÿ ÀÿæÎ÷¨†ÿç xÿ.F.¨ç.{f. A¯ÿ’ëÿàÿ Lÿàÿæþ ¨÷†ÿçÀÿäæ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ Óó×æœÿ{Àÿ ¾ë¯ÿ {¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ þæœÿZÿë fçxÿç¨ç ×æœÿ{Àÿ ÀÿæÎ÷êß Óþõ•ç Óí`ÿLÿæZÿ ( National Progress Index) Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLÿë þ¨æ ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿç$#{àÿ > FÜÿæ œÿæSÀÿçLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ Ó¯ÿöœÿçþ§ Së~¯ÿˆÿæ ÖÀÿ, Óë¯ÿç™æ ,¨í¯ÿö¨ëÀëÿÌZÿ Óµÿ¿†ÿæÀëÿ þçÁÿç$#¯ÿæ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ H µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ AÓæ™æÀÿ~†ÿæ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ×çÀÿ {ÜÿD > {Ó AæÜëÿÀÿç ¯ëÿlæB$#{àÿ {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ {¾Dô AÓæ™æÀÿ~†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç †ÿæÜÿæÀÿ þíàÿ¿æZÿœÿ , {¾ò$ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿLëÿ {¨÷æûæÜÿœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ, þçÁÿç þçÉç Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ H fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ vÿçLÿ þæSö Aæ’ÿçÀëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {†ÿ~ë F Üÿç Ó¯ëÿ Lÿ$æLëÿ AæQç{Àÿ ÀÿQç AæþLÿë þèÿÁÿ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæ¨ H Óí`ÿLÿ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæ Dµÿß †ÿLÿöÓèÿ†ÿ H ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿÓèÿ†ÿ A{s > FÜÿæ AæfçÀÿ ÓþßÀÿ FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ >
þèÿÁÿ þæSö ( ¾ëNÿç)
†ÿ÷ç¯ÿç™ þæSö - þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ àÿä¿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô †ÿç{œÿæsç þëQ¿ þæSö ÀÿÜÿçdç > FSëxÿçLÿ {Üÿàÿæ jæœÿ, Lÿþö H µÿNÿç > FÜÿç †ÿç{œÿæsç ¾æLÿ þæSö Óþæ;ÿÀÿæÁÿ œëÿ{Üÿô , ¨ÀÿØÀÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™ê œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó {SæsçF ’ÿçSLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ ¨ÀÿØÀÿÀÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ F¯ÿó ¨ÀÿØÀÿÀÿ ¨Àÿç¨íÀÿLÿ þæSö As;ÿç > FÜÿç †ÿç{œÿæsç þæSöÀÿ Óþ¿Lÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ H Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ Óó{¾æS Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] àÿä¿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > Óó{ä¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ jæœÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ µÿNÿç¨í¯ÿöLÿ Lÿþö Üÿçô þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Óí†ÿ÷ A{s > {†ÿ~ë LëÿÜÿæ ¾æBdç {¾ jæœÿ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ Lÿþö A¤ÿ A{s †ÿ$æ Lÿþö ¯ÿçœÿæ jæœÿ {dæsæ A{s >
jæœÿÀÿ †ÿ挾¿ö {Üÿàÿæ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ¯ëÿ•ç {LÿòÉÁÿLëÿ ¯ÿÿæD$#¯ÿæ , †ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ Óí`ÿœÿæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæD$#¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ †ÿæ þœÿ þš{Àÿ Ó’úÿÓóÔÿæÀÿ fæS÷†ÿ LÿÀÿç †ÿæÀÿ Aæ`ÿæÀÿ- ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿLëÿ œÿçþßç†ÿ H œÿç{’ÿöÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿæD$#¯ÿæ Ó¯ëÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ Éçäæ > F$#{Àÿ Óæþæœÿ¿ Éçäæ vÿæÀëÿ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç {œÿð†ÿçLÿ, ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÓæßçLÿ †ÿ$æ {¯ÿðÌßçLÿ Éçäæ Aæ’ÿç ÓþÖ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ Éçäæ Óæþçàÿ Adç > jæœÿ-¯ÿçjæœÿÀÿ Ó晜ÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ Üÿçô fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿç™ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ ÓþÓ¿æ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿÀÿ œíÿAæ-œíÿAæ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ,{LÿòÉÁÿ †ÿ$æ {sLÿœÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæB AæÓëAdç > FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç ÓþæfÀÿ ’õÿÎç H ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~{Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿÀÿ þæšþ þš A{s > {Lÿò~Óç Óþæf{Àÿ jæœÿÀÿ ÖÀÿ Daÿ†ÿÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ Ó{èÿ Ó{èÿ {ÓÜÿç Óþæf{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ þš ™#{Àÿ ™#{Àÿ ¯ÿçÖæÀÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF >
{’ÿÉÀÿ É÷þ ÉNÿçÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿLëÿ ¨÷Lÿs LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ÓZÿÅÿœÿæ {ÜÿDdç 'Lÿþö '> FÜÿæ ¨ÀÿçÉ÷þ H ¨ëÀëÿÌæ$ö AæxÿLÿë Ó{Zÿ†ÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > ÓþæfÀÿ É÷þ ÉNÿçLëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö Ó’ëÿ¨{¾æS Lÿç¨Àÿç Ó{¯ÿæöˆÿþ D¨æß{Àÿ LÿÀÿ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ , FÜÿæLëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿$ö {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] FÜÿæ D¨{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó þæšþ{Àÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó»¯ÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
µÿNÿç ɱÿÀÿ †ÿ挾¿ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ {Lÿò~Óç Lÿ澿ö Lëÿ ¨í‚ÿö Àíÿ¨{Àÿ þœÿ {’ÿB LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ > Aµÿçj†ÿæÀëÿ FÜÿæ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ þçÁÿçdç {¾ Óæþæœÿ¿ Àëÿ{¨ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Óþ¨ö~ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ †ÿ$æ þœÿ àÿSæB Lÿæþ Lÿ{Àÿ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Ó {Ó†ÿçLÿç Óþß H ÓºÁÿ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¨æÀÿç$æF > {†ÿ~ë µÿêÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ µÿNÿç µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ{Àÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç > FÜÿç µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ LÿþöÉNÿçLëÿ ¯ÿ¿$ö {Üÿ¯ÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿó`ÿæB$æF †ÿ$æ A†ÿçÀÿçNÿ ÉNÿçÀÿ Óó`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæB$æF >
¨ó`ÿ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ -
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ þèÿÁÿ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ ¨÷æÀëÿ¨Àÿ œÿçÀíÿ¨~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ F¯ÿó FÜÿæLëÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿæÀÿê LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨æó`ÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ þæšþ{Àÿ þçÁÿç†ÿ ¨÷ßæÓ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ¨ó`ÿ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ {Üÿàÿæ
(i) {¯ÿò•çLÿ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ- ÓþÖ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ Éçäæ Óó×æ, F$#{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö Àÿ†ÿ Éçäæ¯ÿç†ÿ , ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ, `ÿç;ÿLÿ, {àÿQLÿ, Óæºæ’ÿçLÿ F$#{Àÿ Óæþçàÿ ÀÿÜÿç{¯ÿ >
(ii) ÓæþæfçLÿ LÿþöLÿ†ÿæö - ÓþæfÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¨æBô ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿÅÿ{Àÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ LÿþöLÿ†ÿæö
(iii) Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ LÿþöLÿ†ÿæö (Political Activists)
(iv) AæšæŠçLÿ þœÿêÌç (Spiritual Thinkers)
(v) ¨÷ÉæÓœÿçLÿ A™#LÿæÀÿê ( Bureaucrat)
¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ- ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ ÓLÿ÷çß µíÿþçLÿæ
(The greater role of Social-Cultural and human factor in the process of development)
¾’ÿç þœëÿÌ¿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ þœëÿÌ¿ œëÿ{Üÿô {†ÿ{¯ÿ FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ þœëÿÌ¿Lëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Aµÿç{¨÷Àÿ~> ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ Aœÿ¿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ þš Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {¨÷Àÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæÀëÿ FÜÿæ ØÎ {¾ Aæß H A$öÀÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æ þæšþ{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿vÿæÀëÿ FLÿ œÿç’ÿ}Î Óêþæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ Lÿæþ œÿçAæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > {¾Dô LÿæþLëÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ™œÿ {œÿB LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨÷Öë†ÿ ÜëÿF œÿæÜÿçô {ÓÜÿç LÿæþLëÿ Lÿçºæ †ÿæ vÿæÀëÿ A™#Lÿ LÿÎÓæš LÿæþLëÿ {Ó œÿçfÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ Aæ’ÿÉö H {œÿð†ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ ¨æBô LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ {ÜÿæB¾æF > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ Aæ$#öLÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H ÓæþæfçLÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æ þš ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö µíÿþçLÿæ S÷Üÿ~ LÿÀÿæB$æF > FÜÿæ FLÿ F¨Àÿç †ÿ$¿ ¾æÜÿæ µÿç†ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þÜÿæœÿ äþ†ÿæ H Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ àëÿMæßç†ÿ A¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {¯ÿæ™ÜëÿF FÜÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ ÓºÁÿÀÿ Óêþç†ÿ†ÿæ µÿÁÿç ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ {Qæfæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ Aæ{þ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾æfœÿæ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ, {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H H þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ ×çÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ H ¯ÿçˆÿêß ÓºÁÿÀÿ ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æS ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀëÿ$ç¯ÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç AæÓçd;ÿç > Lÿç;ëÿ S†ÿ ’ÿÉsç ¨ó`ÿ¯ÿÌêöß {¾æfœÿæÀÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæ {ÜÿDdç FÜÿæÀÿ Óæäê {¾ FÜÿç þ{xÿàÿ ÓüÿÁÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿçô > Lÿ~ Aæ{þ F{¯ÿ ¯ÿçˆÿêß ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æS ÓÜÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ þš ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿçS{Àÿ Aµÿç{¨÷Àÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç œíÿAæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷æÀëÿ¨ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ `ÿç;ÿæ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ œÿæÜÿ] ? ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ FÜÿç œíÿAæ ¨÷æÀëÿ¨ AæþLëÿ ÓþæfÀÿ ÓþS÷ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿçS{Àÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ Aæ™æÀÿµíÿþç ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ AæþÀÿ {µÿò†ÿçLÿ H Aæ$#öLÿ ÓºÁÿ Lÿþ $#¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ DŒŸ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ ÓþÓ¿æ SëxÿçLÿë ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ þš ÓÜÿæßLÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ œÿç™æöÀÿLÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ þëQ¿†ÿ… ’ëÿB µÿæS{Àÿ ¯ÿSöêLÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ > 1- Aæ$#öLÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ 2- A~ Aæ$#öLÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ
¾’ÿç H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾æfœÿæ{Àÿ Aæ{þ A~ Aæ$#öLÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿæLëÿ D{¨äæ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {Lÿò~Óç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þ{xÿàÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿç LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ ×çÀÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀëÿ > F{¯ÿ AæþLëÿ FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lëÿ dæxÿç FLÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Lëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç œíÿAæ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Àÿ ÓZÿÅÿœÿæ (Hypothesis) FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
- Lÿ~ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓºÁÿÀÿ FLÿ œÿçÊÿç†ÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ µÿÁÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ- ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ F¯ÿó þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLëÿ S†ÿçÉêÁÿ LÿÀÿç ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæLëÿ †ÿ´Àÿæœÿ´ç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ ?
þëô µÿæ¯ëÿdç FÜÿç ¨÷ɧÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ ' Üÿô ' {Àÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ µÿÁÿç {’ÿÉ ¨æQ{Àÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓºÁÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¨íqçÀÿ {WæÀÿ Aµÿæ¯ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê J~ H ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¨íqç ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æS ’ÿ´æÀÿæ FÜÿæLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ þš LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ F¨Àÿç LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ A{œÿLÿ œÿLÿæÀÿæŠLÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ þš ÀÿÜÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë ¾’ÿç µÿæÀÿ†ÿ µÿÁÿç {’ÿÉ œÿçfÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ S†ÿçLëÿ ¯ÿÿæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô `ÿæ{Üÿô {†ÿ{¯ÿ ¨íqç ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æSÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ Aœÿ¿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ þæSö D¨{Àÿ AæþLëÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ¨Àÿç{¨÷äê{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ- þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿÀÿ µíÿþçLÿæLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > FB$#¨æBô AæþLëÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓæÜÿç†ÿ¿Àÿ ¨÷`ÿÁÿç†ÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ, Óç•æ;ÿ, œÿê†ÿç, þ{xÿàÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿÅÿ {Qæfç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
FÓçAæÀÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ fæ¨æœÿ LÿæÜÿ]Lÿç H Lÿç¨Àÿç µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ ¨÷S†ÿç Lÿàÿæ A$¯ÿæ FLÿ ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ Óþæf{Àÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ ÓõÎç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ fæ¨æœÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç ÓüÿÁÿ {Üÿàÿæ ? FÜÿæLëÿ ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæ ¨æBô AæþLëÿ ÓþS÷- Óþœÿ´ç†ÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ ( Inter disciplinary approch)Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ œÿ {ÜÿæB ÓþæfÀÿ ÓþÖ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿLëÿ FÜÿæ þš{Àÿ Ó¼çÁÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ > -
¯ÿÖë†ÿ… ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæLëÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aæ$#öLÿ LÿæÀÿLÿ þæšþ{Àÿ Üÿçô `ÿÁÿæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæLëÿ Óþ$öœÿ LÿÀÿç ÿ Professor Cairncross LÿÜÿçd;ÿç {¾ “Development is not governed in any country by economic forces alone and more backward the more this is true. The key to development lies in men’s minds, in the institution in which their thinking finds expression and in the play of opportunity in ideas and institutions.”
Óæ™æÀÿ~ µÿæ{¯ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ LÿÀÿæ¾æF {¾ ¨íqç {ÜÿDdç ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þëQ¿ {¨÷ÀÿLÿ ÉNÿç > FÜÿç ™æÀÿ~æ D¨{Àÿ ¨÷ÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç Professor P.T. Baur LÿÜÿçd;ÿç {¾ “Capital resources, which are often thought to be crucial, are usually less important. Moreover their supply and productivity depend on personal faculties, motivations and social and political arrangement. These resources are thus primarily an effect, a result, a dependent variable in the process of development rather than a cause or an independent variable.”
¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ {¾Dô þëQ¿ ÓþÓ¿æ AæÓëdç †ÿæÜÿæ {Üÿàÿæ FSëxÿçLëÿ ÓóQ¿æŠLÿ D¨æß{Àÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç þ¨æ ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ? A$¯ÿæ FSëxÿçLëÿ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ üÿþöëàÿæ{Àÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç ÓþæÜÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ? Lÿç;ëÿ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ üÿþöëàÿæ{Àÿ œÿ AæÓç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ, FSëxÿçLëÿ ÓóQ¿æŠLÿ þæ¨{Àÿ œÿ þæ¨ç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ FÜÿç LÿæÀÿLÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ†ÿæ vÿæÀëÿ ’íÿÀÿLëÿ ¾ç¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ > ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ F¨Àÿç ÓþÓ¿æ AæþÀÿ FÜÿç µëÿàÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Àëÿ DŒŸ {ÜÿæBdç {¾ {Lÿò~Óç ÓþæfÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉLëÿ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ üÿþöëàÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þ¨æ ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > ÓóQ¿æŠLÿ þæ¨Àÿ FÜÿç ÓþÓ¿æ D¨{Àÿ Aæ{àÿæLÿ¨æ†ÿ LÿÀÿç ¨÷{üÿÓÀÿ þçxÿöæàÿ þš FÜÿæ vÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿLëÿ ¾æB `ÿç;ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿBd;ÿç >
AæþLëÿ FÜÿæ þš FÜÿç ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ†ÿæLëÿ þ{œÿ ÀÿQç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¾ A{œÿLÿ $Àÿ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ üÿþöëàÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þ¨æ¾æD$#¯ÿæ †ÿ$¿Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ ×ç†ÿçÀÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ {Lÿò~Óç A$ö œÿ $æF, AæD A{œÿLÿ $Àÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæÀëÿ ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿæüÿÁÿ þç{Áÿ †ÿæÜÿæ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ†ÿæ vÿæÀëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö µÿçŸ {ÜÿæB$æF >
FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ†ÿæLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Sæ~ç†ÿçLÿ þ{xÿàÿ ×æœÿ{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçÖõ†ÿ ¯ÿç{¯ÿ`ÿœÿæŠLÿ ¨÷æÀëÿ¨ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿçS{Àÿ `ÿç;ÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨çÿêÀÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ, þœÿçÌê þæœÿZÿ Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿxÿ `ÿ¿æ{àÿóf A{s > FÜÿæLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçÉ´Lëÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ ’ÿçS ¨÷’ÿÉöœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß Óþæf ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ Ašßœÿ Lÿ{àÿ F¨Àÿç àÿæ{S {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿêÌç þæ{œÿ {Ó ÓþßÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç Óó×æ þæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ H F¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ þæœ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ ¾æÜÿæ þ晿þ{Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™, ÓæþæfçLÿ Aæ’ÿÉöÀÿ AœëÿÀíÿ¨ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ {’ÿðœÿ¢ÿçœÿ fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿêÀÿ FLÿ AµÿçŸ Aèÿ {ÜÿæB¨æÀëÿ$#àÿæ {ÓÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Aæ{þ `ÿæÀÿç ¨ëÀëÿÌæ$ö L Åÿœÿæ, ¯ÿ‚ÿö æÉ÷þ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ, þçÁÿç†ÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê, ÉçäæÀÿ SëÀëÿLëÿÁÿ ¨•†ÿç, ¨ó`ÿ þÜÿæ¾j, Aœÿ¿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¾j, ’ÿæœÿ ’ÿäç~æ, Ó¯ÿö¯ÿ¿æ¨Lÿ ¯ÿ÷Üÿ½Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ, Aæ’ÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ H Óó×æÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö µíÿþçLÿæ ÀÿÜÿç$#àÿæ >
Ó晜ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó ÓÜÿµÿæSê ( Partners and not factors)
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Ó´æ$ö þš{Àÿ ¯ÿçd矆ÿæ¯ÿæ’ÿ, ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ H ÓóWÌö ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿ{Àÿ Óþœÿ´ßÀÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > ÓþÖZëÿ Óþœÿ´ßÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ{Àÿ þçÁÿç†ÿ H Óþæœÿ Üÿç†ÿ{Àÿ œÿçf œÿçfÀÿ {¾æS’ÿæœÿ LÿçÀÿ¯ÿæ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > 'Bœÿ¨ësúÓ' F¯ÿó DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ Ó晜ÿ FSëxÿçLÿ {ÜÿDdç F¨Àÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ ¾æÜÿæ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ {þÁÿ QæF œÿæÜÿçô > FÜÿæÀÿ LÿæÀÿ~ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ A™#LÿæóÉ ¾¦¯ÿ†ÿ A{s F¯ÿó F$#Àëÿ {ÉæÌ~LÿæÀÿê ¨÷¯õÿˆÿçÀÿ S¤ÿ Aæ{Ó > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àëÿ¨ É÷þLëÿ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ `ÿæÜÿ]¯ÿæ Lÿç~ç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ `ÿæÜÿ]¯ÿæ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç{’ÿ¯ÿæ µÿÁÿç Lÿçdç fçœÿçÌ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ FLÿ Aþíàÿ¿ ÓÜÿ{¾æSê A{s > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ Lÿ{Àÿ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçµÿæ F¯ÿó {¾æS’ÿæœÿLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ{¯ÿ D¨{¾æS LÿÀÿæ¾æF > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ Lÿ’ÿæ¨ç ¯ÿçÉ´æÓ Lÿ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] {¾Dôvÿç {Lÿò~Óç A{¯ÿðNÿçLÿ F¯ÿó Af~æ ¯ÿfæÀÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ Óæþæœÿ¿ fœÿÓæ™æÀÿ~ZÿÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçµÿæÀÿ ¯ÿÁÿç ’ÿçAæ¾æB$æF > FµÿÁÿç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ F¨Àÿç FLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¨÷~æÁÿêLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ {¾Dô vÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Ó¼æœÿ F¯ÿó Ó´æµÿçþæœÿÀÿ ÓÜÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó F¯ÿó þçÁÿç†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ D`ÿç†ÿ AóÉ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
’ÿêWöLÿæÁÿêœÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ- Aæ$#öLÿ D{”É¿ -
(Long term socio-economic objectives)
¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨÷ɧ Dvÿëdç {¾ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {LÿDô D{”É¿Lëÿ {œÿB Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿ ? D{”É¿ ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ fæ~ç {œÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¾ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ D{”É¿Àÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß ’ÿçS Lÿ~ {Üÿ¯ÿ ? Ó¸÷†ÿç {Lÿò~Óç ÓæþæfçLÿ- Aæ$#öLÿ H Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ ¨æBô Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ {àÿæLÿZÿ ¨æBô Ó¯ÿæö™úçLÿ Üÿç†ÿ (Greatest goods for Greatest Number)¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ Lÿ$æ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ FÜÿæLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ œÿæÜÿ] > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿ Ó¯ÿö’ÿæ ' Ó¯ÿöfœÿ Üÿç†ÿæß- Ó¯ÿöfœÿ ÓëQæß ' ¯ÿæ 'Ó{¯ÿö µÿ¯ÿ;ëÿ ÓëQêœÿ…' Lëÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß ¯ÿçÌß Àëÿ{¨ S÷Üÿ~ LÿÀÿçdç > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô AæSLëÿ ¾æD LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç {¾ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ÓëQ ¨æBô Lÿæþ œÿ LÿÀÿç ' Ó¯ÿöµíÿ†ÿ -Üÿç{†ÿÀÿ†ÿ… ' AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ÓþÖ ¨÷æ~ê , fê¯ÿ f;ëÿ, ¯õÿäàÿ†ÿæ ¯ÿœÿ؈ÿç Aæ’ÿçÀÿ Lÿàÿ¿æ~ ¨æBô Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿç D{”É¿Lëÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ þš {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß ¯ÿçÌß Àëÿ{¨ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ 'ÓþS÷ ÓæþæfçLÿ ÓëQ '
(Gross Social happiness )’ÿçS{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ > FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ {Lÿò~Óç {É÷~ê ¯ÿç{ÉÌ ¯ÿæ {ä†ÿ÷ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ ¨æBô Lÿæþ œÿ LÿÀÿç ÓþÖ Óþæf ¯ÿæ ÓõÎçÀÿ Üÿç†ÿ Óº™öœÿ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçF > FÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ œÿçþ§àÿçQç†ÿ þëQ¿ D{”É¿ ¨÷æ©ç ’ÿçS{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
(i) ÓþÖZëÿ {µÿæfœÿ- FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ Óþæf{Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ {µÿæfœÿ, àëÿSæ¨sæ , WÀÿ ¨æœÿêß fÁÿ F¯ÿó œÿçÀÿ樈ÿæ µÿÁÿç {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ SëxÿçLÿ ¨íÀÿæ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô S¿æÀÿ+çÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
(ii) ÓþÖZëÿ Ó´æ׿ - FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ Ó´æ׿ Óº¤ÿêß œÿçßþÀÿ ¨æÁÿœÿ F¯ÿó œÿç{Àÿæ™æŠLÿ D¨æß ({¾¨Àÿç D`ÿç†ÿ AæÜÿæÀÿ, ¯ÿçÜÿæÀÿ H ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ) D¨{Àÿ A™#Lÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FB$#¨æBô Aæßë{¯ÿö’ÿ , {¾æS, ¨÷æ~æßæþ, ¨÷æLõÿ†ÿçLÿ `ÿçLÿçûæ D¨{Àÿ A™#Lÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
(iii) ÓþÖZëÿ Éçäæ- FÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Ó¯ÿö Óëàÿµÿ Óþæ{fæ¨{¾æSê , ÓóÔÿæÀÿäþ ÓëÉçäæÀÿ D{”É¿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > ÓþÖZëÿ œÿçf ¨÷†ÿçµÿæ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Óþæœÿ A™#LÿæÀÿ þçÁÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > ÉçäæÀÿ’ÿÉöœÿ , ¨ævÿ¿Lÿ÷þ, F¯ÿó ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ¨ëœÿ¯ÿ}`ÿæÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæ {’ÿÉÀÿ ÓóÔõÿ†ÿç,¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç , ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀÿ AœëÿÀíÿ¨ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
(iv) ÓþÖZëÿ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ- {’ÿÉ{Àÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ †ÿçAæÀÿç {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¾ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ †ÿæÀÿ {¾æS¿†ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Lÿæþ F¯ÿó ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ Lÿæþ ¨æBô {¾æS¿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þçÁÿç ¨æÀÿç{¯ÿ > ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ{Àÿ A†ÿç Lÿþ{Àÿ f{~ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ ¨í~ö F¯ÿó àÿæµÿLÿæÀÿê œÿç¾ëNÿç þçÁÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç ÓþÖ œÿç¾ëNÿç {¾æfœÿæSëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¨ëœÿ¯ÿ}`ÿæÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¯ÿÿæD$#¯ÿæ DŒæ’ÿœÿ, ¨íqç ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æSÀÿ {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿD > F$#{Àÿ AæþLëÿ Aæþ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¨÷Àÿç†ÿ œÿç¾ëNÿç ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿ{Àÿ œÿç¾ëNÿç {¨÷Àÿç†ÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¨÷æÀëÿ¨Lëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > ÉçÅÿ¨†ÿç þæ{œÿ É÷þ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™ê AæµÿçþëQ¿Lëÿ ¨Àÿç†ÿ¿æS LÿÀÿ;ëÿ F¯ÿó É÷þçLÿ þæ{œÿ Lÿ澿ö ÓóÔõÿ†ÿçLëÿ A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿ;ëÿ > FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ > {þæs D¨{Àÿ {’ÿÉ {’ÿÉÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ œÿ¿æß Ó{èÿ Ó{èÿ Ó†ÿ†ÿ ¨÷S†ÿçÀÿ D{”É¿Àÿ ¨÷æ©çLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æD >
ÓæþæfçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ- FLÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ
(Socio-Economic Structure- A proposal)
µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô D¨¾ëNÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ H Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ Svÿœÿ AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ A{s > µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿçLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç ¾ëSæœëÿÀíÿ¨ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç Aæ{þ AæþÀÿ àÿä¿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ > FÜÿç ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ D¨Àÿ FLÿ ¨÷æÀÿ»çLÿ ¨÷Öæ¯ÿ Fvÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç >
1- þæœÿ¯ÿ {Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ þç†ÿ÷ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê
(Environment freindly technology with a human face) Ó¸÷†ÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ µíÿþçLÿæ A†ÿ¿;ÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö F¯ÿó FÜÿæ Që¯ÿ ÉNÿçÉæÁÿê F$#{Àÿ †ÿç{Áÿ {Üÿ{àÿ Ó{¢ÿÜÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö LÿæÀÿQæœÿæ, DŒæ’ÿœÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ Óêþç†ÿ Àÿ{Üÿ œÿæÜÿ] ¯ÿÀÿó FÜÿæ AæþÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ Ó¸Lÿö, ,ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ {`ÿ†ÿœÿæ, ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ, µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ, þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ F¯ÿó fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿêLëÿ þš ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > {†ÿ~ë {LÿDô ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç †ÿæÜÿæ {Lÿò~Óç Óþæf ¨÷†ÿç FLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö ¨÷ɧ A{s > {†ÿ~ë Fvÿæ{Àÿ FLÿ ¨÷ɧ D{vÿ {¾ AæþLëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > A{œÿLÿ ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ H ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿLÿ FÜÿç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ µÿßZÿÀÿ ’ëÿÑÀÿç~æþ Lÿ$æLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç †ÿ$æ F ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ {`ÿ†ÿæ¯ÿœÿê þš {’ÿBd;ÿç > FÜÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀëÿ fœÿ½ {œÿD$#¯ÿæ ÓÜÿÀÿêLÿÀÿ~Àÿ ÓþÓ¿æ, ÉNÿç ÓZÿs, ¨÷’íÿÌ~,¨÷æLõÿ†ÿçLÿ Ó¸’ÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ’õÿ†ÿ S†ÿç{Àÿ äÀÿ~, ¾æ¦çLÿêLÿÀÿ~, D¨{µÿæNÿæ ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ Ó{ˆÿ´ Qæàÿç H Éíœÿ¿ {ÜÿæB ¾æD$#¯ÿæ fê¯ÿœÿ †ÿ$æ ÓëQ Éæ;ÿçÀÿ Aµÿæ¯ÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {’ÿÉÀÿ {àÿæLÿþæ{œÿ D’ÿæÓêœÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó œÿçÀÿæÉæÀÿ Wœÿ A¤ÿLÿæÀÿ þš{Àÿ S†ÿç LÿÀëÿd;ÿç > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ{Àÿ ¨÷`ÿÁÿç†ÿ †ÿ$æLÿ$#†ÿ {¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ ’ÿø†ÿSæþê ¾æ¦çLÿ {LÿòÉÁÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê þœÿëÌ¿Lëÿ †ÿæÀÿ {`ÿ†ÿœÿæ, ’ÿç¯ÿ¿ F¯ÿó {œÿð†ÿçLÿ A™#ÏæœÿÀëÿ †ÿÁÿLëÿ QÓæB FLÿ œÿçfêö¯ÿ , œÿçÀÿêÜÿ F¯ÿó AÓÜÿæß {þÓçœÿÀÿ FLÿ AóÉ µÿÁÿç fxÿ¯ÿÖë{Àÿ ¨Àÿç~†ÿ LÿÀÿæBdç > A{œÿLÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ †ÿæLëÿ Aœÿæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç †ÿæÀÿ AÖç†ÿ´Lëÿ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ ¾ç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {Üÿàÿæ~ç > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ LÿëÜÿæ¾æF {¾ FÜÿæ ¨÷${þ œÿç{f ÓþÓ¿æ †ÿçAæÀÿç Lÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó ¨{Àÿ FÜÿæÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¨æBô Qa ÿö LÿÀÿæF > ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿxÿ ¾¦ , µÿêþLÿæß LÿÁÿ LÿæÀÿQæœÿæ , AæQçí¯ëÿfæ A~ ¨ëœÿ… DŒæ’ÿœÿLÿæÀÿê ÉNÿçÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS {¾æSëô A{œÿLÿ þ{œÿæ{¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ,þæœÿÓçLÿ, ÉæÀÿêÀÿçLÿ {ÀÿæS , ÓæþæfçLÿ A¨Àÿæ™ F¯ÿó ÓóWÌö †ÿ$æ ¨æÀÿç×ç†ÿçLÿê AÓ;ëÿÁÿœÿ (Ecologocal Imbalance) µÿÁÿç ÓþÓ¿æ þæœÿ fœÿ½ {œÿDdç > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ FÜÿç ÓþÓ¿æ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¨æBô AæþÀÿ A{œÿLÿ ÓºÁÿ Lëÿ Lÿ澿ö {Àÿ œÿç{ßæfç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xëÿdç > ÉëµÿæÀÿ¯ÿÀÿ, þçÉæœÿ, {Sàÿ{¯ÿ÷$Zÿ µÿÁÿç A{œÿLÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿç’ÿ´æœÿ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þ†ÿ {¨æÌ~ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > Fþæ{œÿ àÿSæ†ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ {`ÿ†ÿœÿæ fæS÷†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ {`ÿÎç†ÿ Ad;ÿç > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê {fð¯ÿçLÿêß Ó¸LÿöLëÿ ™´Ö¯ÿç™´Ö LÿÀëÿdç > ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ÓóÓæÀÿLëÿ ¯ÿçÌþß LÿÀÿëdç > ¨õ$#¯ÿê{Àÿ Óêþç†ÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ A~ ¨ëœÿ… DŒæ’ÿœÿêß Q~çf ’ÿ÷¯ÿ¿ F¯ÿó F¯ÿó ÉNÿç Dû µÿƒæÀÿ ’ÿø†ÿ S†ÿç{Àÿ Qæàÿç LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç , þœëÿÌ¿Lÿë †ÿæÀÿ {¯ÿò•çLÿ F¯ÿó {œÿð†ÿçLÿ Së~Àëÿ ¯ÿó`ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > ÜÿçóÓæ`ÿæÀÿ (¨÷Lÿõ†ÿç ¯ÿçÀëÿ•{Àÿ ÜÿçóÓæ H þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ ¯ÿçÀëÿ•{Àÿ ÜÿçóÓæ ) Lëÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿæDdç > Ó¸í‚ÿö ÓóÓæÀÿÀÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæÀëÿ ØÎ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçàÿæ~ç {¾ ÀÿæÓæßœÿçLÿ ÓæÀÿ F¯ÿó LÿêsœÿæÉLÿ ’ÿ÷¯ÿ¿ †ÿ$æ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ þófç ’ÿêWöLÿæÁÿ ¨æBô A†ÿ¿;ÿ ÜÿæœÿçLÿæÀÿLÿ A{s > FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ LõÿÌç ™#{Àÿ-™#{Àÿ A™#Lÿ ¯ÿ¿ß AsLÿÁÿ ¯ÿçÉçÎ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÓæß{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöç†ÿ {ÜÿDdç F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ F¯ÿó œÿæþþæ†ÿ÷ `ÿæÌê þæ{œÿ LõÿÌçLëÿ dæxÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿæš {ÜÿDd;ÿç > DÀëÿSëF `ëÿNÿç FÜÿç ×ç†ÿçLëÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç µÿßæ¯ÿÜÿ LÿÀÿç {’ÿBdç F¯ÿó AæSæþê ¯ÿÌö þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ µÿÁÿç {’ÿÉÀÿ `ÿæÌê þæ{œÿ ¯ÿÜëÿÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿ¸æœÿê SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ’ÿßæ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿæš {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¾æDd;ÿç >
Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfêLëÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô D¨{’ÿÉ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæ{œÿ Óæ™æÀÿ~†ÿ… ’ëÿBsç †ÿLÿö ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {SæsçF {Üÿàÿæ FÜÿæ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ Lÿ{Àÿ H FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ Lÿþ ’ÿæþ{Àÿ ÜëÿF > ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {`ÿ{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ FÜÿç ’ÿæ¯ÿçLëÿ ¾’ÿç vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ H A†ÿ¿;ÿ SµÿêÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ fæó`ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ †ÿæ {Üÿ{àÿ Ó†ÿ¿†ÿæ ¨’ÿæLëÿ AæÓç¯ÿ {¾ FÜÿç ’ÿæ¯ÿç{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç Ó†ÿ¿†ÿæ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæ Ó¸í~ö AþíÁÿLÿ µÿ÷þ¨í~ö ’ÿæ¯ÿç >
{†ÿ~ë AæQç ¯ëÿfç ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêLÿë Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç {œÿ¯ÿæ {Lÿò~Óç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ þš œëÿ{Üÿô, D¨{¾æSê þš œëÿ{Üÿô > LÿæÀÿ~ FÜÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ þëQ¿†ÿ… {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êßLõÿ†ÿ ¯ÿxÿ ™Àÿ~Àÿ ÉçÅÿ †ÿ$æ ÓÜÿÀÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ ÓþæfÀÿ Ó´æ$ö Àÿäæ ¨æBô {ÜÿæBdç > ¯ÿÖë†ÿ… FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç {ÉæÌ~ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ > FÜÿç A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ AÖç†ÿ´ ¯ÿó`ÿæB ÀÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Ó晜ÿ Ó¸Ÿ (™œÿê) H Ó晜ÿÜÿêœÿ (SÀÿê¯ÿ) {àÿæLÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¨æ$öLÿ¿Lëÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç ¯ÿÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö Lÿ{Àÿ > A{œÿLÿ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿÀëÿ ØÎ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçàÿæ~ç {¾ ¨÷`ÿÁÿç†ÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ {`ÿ{Lÿ§æàÿfê þíàÿ¿ LëÿÉÁÿ ( Cost Efficient)œëÿ{Üÿô , †ÿ$æ FÜÿæ ¨ëófç LëÿÉÁÿ (Capital Efficient) ¯ÿæ É÷þ LëÿÉÁÿ (labour Efficient)þš œëÿ{Üÿô > FÜÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ÓºÁÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ A†ÿ¿™#Lÿ A¨¯ÿ¿ß Lÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àÿë S†ÿ 200 ¯ÿÌö þš{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ 20 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ fœÿÓóQ¿æ ™Àÿæ¨õÏÀÿ ¨æQæ ¨æQç †ÿçœÿç `ÿ†ëÿ$æöóÉ ÓºÁÿLëÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ÓæÀÿç{’ÿDd;ÿç >
F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ þëQ¿ ¨÷ɧ {ÜÿDdç {¾ Aæ{þ Lÿç¨Àÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfçÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ F¯ÿó ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ? FÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ S†ÿ Lÿçdç ¯ÿÌö þš{Àÿ 'D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê' (Appropriate Technology)Àÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ {Üÿ¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {Üÿàÿæ~ç > FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS ¨÷${þ 1960 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷ÿ{üÿÓÀÿ ÉëþæÀÿ¯ÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç$#{àÿ > ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {Lÿò~Óç {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ þæSö †ÿ$æ Àÿ~œÿê†ÿçÀÿ ÓüÿÁÿ†ÿæ D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > {†ÿ~ë Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æÀÿ A$ö H ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Aæßæþ SëxÿçLÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > þçÁÿç†ÿ fæ†ÿçÓóWÀÿ I’ÿ¿SçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Óèÿvÿœÿ (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation: UNIDO)Àÿ FLÿ {¯ÿðvÿLÿ 1978 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ ’ÿçàÿâê{Àÿ AœëÿÏç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$#àÿæ > FÜÿç {¯ÿðvÿLÿ{Àÿ ' D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê'Àÿ Óójæ œÿç{þ§æNÿ ɱÿ{Àÿ œÿç™æöÀÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$#àÿæ >
' D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ {ÓÜÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfçÀÿ þçÉ÷~ Àëÿ{¨ ¯ëÿlæ Sàÿæ {¾ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ÓºÁÿ H ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ †ÿæÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ, ÓæþæfçLÿ H ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ Óº¤ÿêß D{”É¿ Lëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ {¾æS’ÿæœÿ {’ÿB ¨æ{Àÿ > D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê FLÿ ¨÷æ{¯ÿð¯ÿçLÿ H ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿÉêÁÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ ¾æÜÿæ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁëÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿçÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ {’ÿB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > '1
_____________
“The concept of appropriate technology was viewed as being the technology mix contributing most to economic, social and environmental objectives in relation to resource endowments and conditions of application in each country. Appropriate technology stressed as being a dynamic and flexible concept, which must be responsive to varying conditions and changing situations in different countries.”
UNIDO
_____________
F$#Àëÿ ØÎ {ÜÿDdç {¾ D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ {ÜÿDdç F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿÉêÁÿ F¯ÿó Óæ{¨ä A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æ, ¾æÜÿæ FLÿ œÿç’ÿ}Î {’ÿÉ ¨æBô ¯ÿçLÿæÉ àÿä¿, ÓºÁÿ H ÓæþæfçLÿ- Aæ$#öLÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç ’ÿ´æÀÿæ œÿç™æöÀÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > {†ÿ~ë Ó¯ëÿ {’ÿÉ, Ó¯ëÿ Óþß H Ó¯ëÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç ¨æBô {SæsçF ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {Lÿò~Óç FLÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê œÿæ D¨¾ëNÿ $æF œÿæ Aœëÿ¨¾ëNÿ $æF > {Lÿò~Óç FLÿ {’ÿÉ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ{Àÿ {SæsçF LÿæÁÿ{Àÿ {¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê D¨¾ëNÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ ÜëÿF †ÿ {ÓÜÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Aœÿ¿ {’ÿÉ ¨æBô Aœëÿ¨¾ëNÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ > F¨Àÿç þš {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ {¾ {SæsçF {’ÿÉ{Àÿ {SæsçF œÿç’ÿ}Î LÿæÁÿ ¨æBô {¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê D¨¾ëNÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ †ÿæÜÿæ Aœÿ¿ LÿæÁÿ ¨æBô Aœëÿ¨¾ëNÿ {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ > {†ÿ~ë {s{LÿâæàÿfçÀÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ {’ÿÉ LÿæÁÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Üÿ] LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæD FLÿ ¯ÿ稒ÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ A$ö Ó¯ëÿ þ~çÌ ¨æBô Ó¯ëÿ Lÿçdç {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ A$¯ÿæ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¨æBô AàÿSæ AàÿSæ þš {ÜÿæB¨æ{Àÿ > ¾’ÿç {LÿÜÿç ¨`ÿæ{Àÿ {¾ {LÿDô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê D¨¾ëNÿ A{s > FÜÿç ¨÷ɧÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ {’ÿÉ LÿæÁÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > ¯ÿÀÿó DˆÿÀÿ {’ÿD$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ œÿçÜÿç†ÿ Ó´æ$ö, ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ F¯ÿó þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ¨÷ɧ Àÿ DˆÿÀÿ ¨÷{üÿÓÀÿ ÉëþæÀÿ¯ÿÀÿ {’ÿB$#{àÿ > {Ó LÿÜÿç$#{àÿ {¾ A™#LÿæóÉ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉ ¨æBô D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê {ÓÜÿç þæšþçLÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿë þçÁÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ ¨íqç F¯ÿó ÉNÿç Lÿþ Qa ÿö{ÜÿD$#¯ÿ > ¾æÜÿæ Lÿþ ¨Àÿçþæ~Àÿ {ÜÿD œÿæ LÿæÜÿçôLÿç œÿç¾ëNÿç ¯ÿÿæD$#¯ÿ, {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ ×æœÿ{Àÿ Üÿ] †ÿæZëÿ Lÿæþ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæB ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ , ¾æÜÿæLëÿ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿÀÿ ¨íqç †ÿ$æ {LÿòÉÁÿ ¯ÿçœÿæ ÓÜÿf{Àÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ, `ÿÁÿæ¾æB¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ †ÿ$æ †ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿf{Àÿ D`ÿç†ÿ Àÿä~æ{¯ÿä~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ > AæD ¾çF þëQ¿Àÿí¨{Àÿ ×æœÿêß {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç ×æœÿêß ÓºÁÿ SëxÿçLëÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀëÿ$ç¯ÿ > {†ÿ~ë ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¨æBô D¨¾ëNÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > {†ÿ~ë D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê {’ÿÉÀÿ äþ†ÿæ ÓºÁÿ H ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿç $æF >
D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ A$ö {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Üÿæxÿö{H´Àÿ (Hardware) œëÿ{Üÿô > {¾þç†ÿç {þÓçœÿ D¨LÿÀÿ~, ÓÀÿófæþ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó F$#{Àÿ Óüÿu{H´ðÀÿ þš Óæþçàÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {¾¨Àÿç ¨÷æÀÿ»çLÿ Ó{¯ÿöä~ , Ašßœÿ, Lÿó`ÿæþæàÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ, ¾æ†ÿßæ†ÿ , ÓæþæfçLÿ µÿçˆÿçµíÿþç ¨æBô ¨íqç ¨æBô ¯ÿçˆÿêß ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ , ¨÷¯ÿ¤ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ, ¯ÿçLÿ÷ê ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç > Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæD FLÿ ¯ÿçÌß ¨÷†ÿç ’õÿÎç {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ œÿç¯ÿæö`ÿœÿÀÿ A$ö {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæÀÿ (Production Process) œÿç¯ÿæö`ÿœÿ œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ œÿç¯ÿæö`ÿœÿ (Choosing Product)þš >
D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¯ÿædç¯ÿæÀÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ
(Criteria for choosing appropriate technology)
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ µÿÁÿç AÅÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ ¨æBô D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ H `ÿßœÿ œÿçþ§ àÿçQç†ÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ>
(i) ¾æÜÿæ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLëÿ ¨÷ÓŸ†ÿæ¨í¯ÿöLÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ †ÿ$æ Óë× D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ AæD ¾çF þ~çÌÀÿ Ó´æ߈ÿ†ÿæLëÿ Aäë‚ÿö ÀÿQç ¨æ{Àÿ >
(ii) ¾æÜÿæ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç-¨÷¯õÿˆÿç H Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ †ÿ$æ fê¯ÿœÿ ’ÿÉöœÿ H þæœÿ¯ÿêß þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™Àÿ AœëÿLíÿÁÿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿ, ¾æÜÿæ {’ÿÉ Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ D¨×ç†ÿ $#¯ÿæ ÓþÓ¿æÀÿ D`ÿç†ÿ Óþæ™æœÿ {Qæfç ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ †ÿ$æ {’ÿÉÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ- ÓæþæfçLÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç Aœëÿ¾æßê Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¨æÀÿë$#¯ÿ >
(iii) ¾æÜÿæ AæþÀÿ {µÿæS¯ÿçÁÿæÓÀÿ ÓæþS÷ê ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö Óæ™æÀÿ~ {àÿæLÿZÿ ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ fçœÿçÌ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ, AæD þ~çÌÀÿ Aþæœÿ¯ÿêßLÿÀÿ~ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæLëÿ {ÀÿæLÿç †ÿæLëÿ þœëÿÌ¿†ÿ´Àÿ ¨Àÿþ Daÿ†ÿæ AæxÿLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿLÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ >
(iv) {¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¨íqç H ÉNÿç Lÿþ Qa ÿöLÿÀëÿ$ç¯ÿ †ÿ$æ É÷þLëÿ A™#Lÿ Óæ$öLÿ †ÿ$æ àÿæµÿ¨÷’ÿ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ{Àÿ àÿSæD$#¯ÿ , †ÿ$æ É÷þÀÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿÿæB ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ >
(v) {¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfç ¯ÿç{Lÿ¢ÿ÷çLõÿ†ÿ A$ö ¨÷~æÁÿê †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ >
(vi)-{¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ÉNÿç Dû ×æœÿ{Àÿ ¨ëœÿ… DŒæ’ÿœÿêß ÉNÿç DûÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ >
(vii) {¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉLëÿ ¨÷’íÿÌ~þëNÿ ÀÿQç¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ >
(viii) {¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Aæ$#öLÿ H ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯ÿçÌþ†ÿæLëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
(ix) {¾Dô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ×æœÿêß Ó晜ÿ F¯ÿó ×æœÿêß {LÿòÉÁÿLëÿ LëÿÉÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ >
Óó{ä¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ Aæ{þ Aæ’ÿÉö H D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê †ÿæLëÿ LÿÜÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ ¾æÜÿæ ¨÷†ÿç FLÿLÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ Ó¯ÿæö™#Lÿ œÿç¾ëNÿç ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ DNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¨íqçÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ AæÓë$#¯ÿæ
Qa ÿö ÉNÿçÀÿ Bœÿ¨ës (Input) Lëÿ Ó¯ÿöœÿçþ§ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ †ÿ$æ Aæþ’ÿæœÿê D¨{Àÿ A™çLÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ {ÜÿD œÿ$#¯ÿæ , Àÿ©æœÿê äþ†ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿÿæB ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ , ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉLëÿ Éë• ÀÿQç¨æÀëÿ$ç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ ×æœÿêß ÓºÁÿ, É÷þ, {LÿòÉÁÿÀÿ LëÿÉÁÿ†ÿþ ¨÷{ßæS{Àÿ Óæ™æÀÿ~ {àÿæLÿZÿ ¨æBô ¯ÿÖë †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç ¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿ >
µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç FLÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfç ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæ Óæ™æÀÿ~ fœÿÓæ™æÀÿ~Zÿ Àÿ Ó¯ÿöœÿçþ§ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó Lÿþ ¨íqç F¯ÿó Lÿþ ÉNÿç Qa ÿö{Àÿ A™#Lÿ œÿç¾ëNÿç {’ÿB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Lÿ澿ö Lÿ÷þ ¨æBô œÿçþ§àÿçQç†ÿ Lÿ$æ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ >
(i) DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨Ó¢ÿ (Product Preference)
F¨Àÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿLëÿ ¯ÿædç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ ¾æÜÿæ Óþæf{Àÿ Ó´êLÿ澿ö {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ > {†ÿ~ë DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁëÿ$#¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó Àëÿ`ÿç œÿçfLëÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ äþ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿÀÿLÿæÀÿ >
(ii) {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê (Technology)- ¾¦,{þÓçœÿ H DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷ççßæ {¾{†ÿ ’íÿÀÿ Ó»¯ÿ {dæs -{dæs ÖÀÿ{Àÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > LÿçÓþ F¯ÿó ¯ÿÖë œÿçþæö~{Àÿ AæÓë$#¯ÿæ Qa ÿö ’õÿÎçÀÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ{Àÿ ¯ÿó`ÿç¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿæÀÿ äþ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ >
(iii) Óèÿvÿœÿ (Organisation)
Ó´æþç†ÿ´ , A$ö F¯ÿó ¯ÿfæÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ Óèÿvÿœÿ F¯ÿó ¨Àÿç`ÿæÁÿœÿæ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {¾ œÿçþ§ ÖÀÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ A†ÿçÀÿçNÿ ¨íqç D¨àÿ² ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó AæSLëÿ ¾æB ×æœÿêß ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ FÜÿæÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
D¨{ÀÿæNÿ ÓþÖ †ÿ$¿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ {¾ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Óþœÿ´ß {Üÿ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] {Ó ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ {Lÿò~Óç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Lÿ澿ö Lÿ÷þ ÓüÿÁÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > DæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ àëÿSæ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨æBô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê þçÁÿç¾ç¯ÿ Lÿç;ëÿ {ÓÜÿç {`ÿ{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀëÿ DŒæ’ÿç†ÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ àëÿSæ {¾ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ Óþæf{Àÿ Ó´êLÿ澿ö {Üÿ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] {Ó ¨¾¿ö;ÿ DNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ {Lÿò~Óç àÿæµÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
vÿçLÿ {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç D`ÿç†ÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ {Ó ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ {Lÿò~Óç Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô {¾ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ †ÿæÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS F¯ÿó Ó´æþçˆÿ´ D¨¾ëNÿ Óèÿvÿœÿ F¯ÿó F¯ÿó D’ÿ¿þê þçÁÿç œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ ATDA FÜÿç †ÿ$¿ SëxÿçLÿ ë {œÿB †ÿç{œÿæsç þëQ¿ {ä†ÿ÷ ¯ÿædç d;ÿç >
1- F¨Àÿç I’ÿ¿SçLÿ Lÿ÷çßæ ¾æÜÿæ œÿçf œÿçf {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ þë’ÿ÷æ ¨÷¯ÿæÜÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç$æF > Óç{þ~c, LÿæSf, Lÿ¨æ, ÀÿæÓæßœÿçLÿ ÓæÀÿ,þçœÿç ÓëSæÀÿ, Dàÿ Lÿsæ, àëÿSæ¯ëÿ~æ µÿÁÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê{Àÿ Óë™æÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ µÿÁÿç Lÿ澿ö Óæþçàÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ >
2- F¨Àÿç ÉçÅÿ ¾æÜÿæ Lÿþ ¨íqç{Àÿ {dæs ÉçÅÿ¨†ÿç þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > {¾¨Àÿç ÜÿÖÉçÅÿ, LÿþæÀÿ Lÿæþ,Qæ’ÿ¿ {†ÿÁÿ ÉçÅÿ, SæôÀÿ ¯ÿæÓœÿLëÿÓœÿ ÉçÅÿ, `ÿþxÿæ F¯ÿó {fæ†ÿæ ÉçÅÿ, `ÿæDÁÿ þçàÿ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç >
3- F¨Àÿç {sLÿœÿçLÿ ¾æÜÿæ ÉçÅÿ †ÿ$æ SõÜÿLÿ澿ö DµÿßZÿ ¨æBô ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¨æ{Àÿ > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ S÷æþê~ ¾æ†ÿæßæ†ÿ, {Sæ¯ÿÀÿ S¿æÓ, {ÓòÀÿ `ëÿàÿæ, ¨Éë¨æÁÿœÿ , ¯ÿœÿ¨’ÿæ$ö D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ÉçÅÿ, {dæs s÷æLÿuÀÿ{Àÿ Óë™æÀÿ S÷æþê~ ÉNÿç, S÷æþê~ {Éò`ÿæÁÿß F¯ÿó ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ Ó´bÿ†ÿæ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç >
SÀÿê¯ÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿ ¨æBô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Lÿàÿæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ, ×ç†ÿç, ÓºÁÿLëÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ÀÿQæ ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àëÿ¨ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ Sæô F¯ÿó {dæs ÓÜÿÀÿ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ 85 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿ ¨æBô WÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ{àÿ þæsç{Àÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç Bsæ, , ¯ÿæDôÉ , ×æœÿêß Aó`ÿÁÿ{Àÿ þçÁëÿ$#¯ÿæ Lÿævÿ H Aœÿ¿æœÿ¿ fçœÿçÌ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ {ÜÿæB¨æÀëÿ $#¯ÿæ {sLÿœÿçLÿÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > Óç{þ+ , Îçàÿ , ÓÀÿçßæ, þæ¯ÿöàÿ Aæ’ÿç ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿxÿ D¨LÿÀÿ~ þæšþ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ 15 ɆÿLÿxÿæ {àÿæLÿZëÿ {¯ÿæ™ ÜëÿF WÀÿÀÿ Óë¯ÿç™æ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Óüÿu{H´ÀÿÀÿ D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ þš ’ÿçAæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > SÀÿê¯ÿ {àÿæLÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿÁÿ’ÿ, ÜÿÁÿ, Óæ™æÀÿ~ D¨LÿÀÿ~, ÓæÀÿ, þófç Aæ’ÿç Lÿç~ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô J~ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿æZÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > œÿçfÀÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àÿë Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿æZÿ SëxÿçLÿ É{Üÿ - É{Üÿ `ÿZÿæÀÿ Üÿfæ{Àÿ {àÿæLÿZëÿ J~ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö ÜÿfæÀÿ- ÜÿfæÀÿ sZÿæÀÿ É{Üÿ f~Zëÿ J~ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô A™#Lÿ D¨¾ëNÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë S÷æþê~ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ J~ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô F¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ ¾æÜÿæ Lÿþ Qa ÿö¯ÿçÉçÎ , ÓÜÿf, ÓÀÿÁÿ H ÓëSþ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿ >
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨æBô AæþLëÿ ’ëÿBsç ’ÿçS{Àÿ ¨÷ßæÓ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
1 {’ÿÉ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê{Àÿ Óë™æÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ -
(Scaling-up of Traditional Technologies) {’ÿÉÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿê ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ FÜÿç {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ A¨æÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿ~æ Lÿæþ, ¯ÿ{ÿC Lÿæþ,{fæ†ÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç Lÿæþ, LÿþæÀÿ Lÿæþ {†ÿàÿ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ, ¯ÿæÓœÿ-LëÿÓœÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç Lÿæþ †ÿ$æ grain processing µÿÁÿç ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ S÷æþê~ ÜÿÖÉçÅÿ H LíÿsêÀÿÉçÅÿ{Àÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æD$#¯ÿæ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêLëÿ DŸ†ÿ (upgrading) LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç DˆÿÀÿ ¨÷{’ÿÉÀÿ Qëfæö vÿæ{Àÿ ¯ÿæÓœÿLëÿÓœÿ ÉçÅÿÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Lëÿ DŸ†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ ÓüÿÁÿ ¨÷{ßæS {ÜÿæBdç > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ QëfæöÀÿ whiteware Àÿ ¯ÿæÓœÿLëÿÓœÿ {’ÿÉ- ¯ÿç{’ÿÉ{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ {àÿæLÿ¨÷çß {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿçdç > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS `ÿçÜÿ§s F¯ÿ {SòÀÿæ (àÿ{ä§ò œÿçLÿs{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ Sæô ) †ÿ$æ üëÿàÿ¨ëÀÿ ( AæàÿæÜÿæ¯ÿæ’ÿ œÿçLÿs{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ Sæô) {Àÿ þš LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > vÿçLÿ FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ S÷æþ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ `ÿæàëÿ$#¯ÿæ LíÿsêÀÿÉçÅÿ H ÜÿÖÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Lÿ÷þ¯ÿ• Ašßœÿ LÿÀÿç ¯ÿçjæœÿ H œÿ¯ÿêœÿ ¯ÿçjæœÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêLëÿ DŸ†ÿ LÿÀÿç DŒæ’ÿLÿ†ÿæ H Lÿ澿ö LëÿÉÁÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿÿæ ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨÷ßæÓ Lÿþ ÓºÁÿ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ D¨{¾æSê {ÜÿæB ¨æ{Àÿ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ Q’ÿê F¯ÿó S÷æþ¿ D{’ÿ¿æS LÿþçÉœÿ †ÿ$æ Lÿçdç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ {¾¨Àÿç {LÿæFºæsëÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿæàÿÓë¢ÿÀÿþ, ÓíÀÿ†ÿÀÿ {þæÜÿœÿ ¨æÀÿçQ, ¨ë{~Àÿ þœÿçµÿæB {’ÿÓæB , ¯ÿ™æöÀÿ AŸæ Óæ{Üÿ¯ÿ ÓÜÿÓ÷¯ëÿ{•, {Sæƒæ{Àÿ œÿæœÿæfê {’ÿÉþëQ Zÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ F¨Àÿç ÓüÿÁÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
2-Aæ™ëœÿçLÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêLëÿ {’ÿÉæœëÿLíÿÁÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ -
Aœÿ¿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿæ¾æD$#¯ÿæ Aæ™#œÿçLÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêLëÿ Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç, Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÓºÁÿ AœëÿÀëÿ¨ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ Óç™æ ÜÿÖæ;ÿÀÿ~ Që¯ÿ ¯ÿç¨gœÿLÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ A{s >{†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ÜÿÖæ;ÿÀÿ~ (Technology Transfer)¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö AæþLëÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê AœëÿLíÿÁÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ (Technology Adaptation) Lëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > {¾¨Àÿç {Lÿò~Óç Óföœÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ þæœÿ¯ÿ ÉÀÿêÀÿÀÿ organ transplant LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ tissue matching LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF vÿçLÿ {ÓÜÿç ¨Àÿç ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿÀÿ {Lÿò~Óç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêLëÿ S÷Üÿ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ AæþLëÿ FÜÿæ {’ÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿÀÿ FÜÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Aæþ ÀÿæÎ÷ ÉÀÿêÀÿÀÿ AœëÿLíÿÁÿ œÿæ œÿæÜÿ] >
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ †ÿ AæÀÿ» {ÜÿæBdç {†ÿ{¯ÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö {’ÿÉ ¨æBô Ó¯ÿæöèÿêœÿ {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç Lÿ÷þ¯ÿ• ¨÷ßæÓ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿ] > Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ {¾æfœÿæ LÿþçÉœÿ, {Lÿ¢ÿ÷ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿ †ÿ$æ Àÿæf¿ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿ þæ{œÿ F{¯ÿ þš ’ÿ´ç™æ{Àÿ Ad;ÿç > Aæ{þ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ þš ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¨÷{ßæSÀÿ {þæÜÿfæàÿÀëÿ þëNÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜëÿô > FÜÿç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Aæþ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ H ¨÷{ßæS ’ÿçS {Àÿ {¯ÿÉê Lÿçdç LÿÀÿæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç œÿæÜÿ] > AæþLëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ , {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ {Lÿ{†ÿ ¯ÿ¿ß {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ µÿÁÿç ¨÷ɧSëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ d¢ÿç œÿ {ÜÿæB '{s{Lÿ§æàÿfê ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿæÜÿæ ¨æBô ' F ¨÷ɧÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿç Óç•æ;ÿ{Àÿ D¨œÿê†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ {¾ Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ F¯ÿó þëQ¿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ SÀÿê¯ÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ×ç†ÿç Lëÿ DŸ†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ > {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæþ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ’õÿÎç þš ØÎ {ÜÿæB>¾ç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷ɧ Aæþ fê¯ÿœÿ Àÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ F¯ÿó þæœÿ¯ÿêß þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ ÓÜÿ fxÿç†ÿ > F~ë AæþLëÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ Aæ~ç¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿç Lÿ澿ö Lÿ÷þLëÿ ÓüÿÁÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ >{¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ{þ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ ¨æBô S÷æþ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ ¨æBô {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Lÿ$æ LÿÜëÿd;ÿç {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ ¨æBô ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ äõë’ÿ÷ F¯ÿó LíÿsêÀÿ ÉçÅÿÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê Üÿ] ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç ¯ëÿlæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçÉæÁÿ {’ÿÉ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæÀëÿ FÜÿæ FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ œÿçf þš{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ A{s > Fvÿæ{Àÿ Lÿçdç Lÿæþ H {ä†ÿ÷ F¨Àÿç ÀÿÜÿçdç ¾æÜÿæ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ Që¯ÿ A™#Lÿ ¨Àÿçþæ~{Àÿ ¨íqç †ÿ$æ SµÿêÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ LõÿÌç F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜõÿ†ÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ A{œÿLÿ D¨LÿÀÿ~ H ¾¦ ¨æBô µÿæÀÿê þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ ¨íqç †ÿ$æ SµÿêÀÿ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfêÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ > F¨Àÿç þÜÿæLÿæÉ ¯ÿçjæœÿ, Óí`ÿœÿæ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê, ¨Àÿþæ~ë AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷ B†ÿ¿æ’ÿç {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ D`ÿç†ÿ Óþœÿ´ßÀÿ ÓÜÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾¨ÀÿçLÿç ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê œÿçµÿöÀÿ†ÿæ ¯ÿçœÿæ ( A$¯ÿæ Ó¯ÿöœÿçþ§ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê œÿçµÿöÀÿ†ÿæ Àÿ ÓÜÿ) œÿçf {’ÿÉÀÿ Óæ™æÀÿ~ {àÿæLÿZÿÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿÖÀÿLëÿ Daÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
2. S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ¯ÿç{Lÿ¢ÿ÷ç†ÿ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê A$ö †ÿ¦
Sæ¤ÿêfê S÷æþ Ó´ÀÿæfÀÿ Lÿ$æ LÿÜÿç$#{àÿ > Üÿç¢ÿ Ó´Àÿæf{Àÿ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ SæôLëÿ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ LÿÅÿœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#àÿæ > Lÿç;ëÿ Aæfç ¨Àÿç¯ÿÜÿœÿ H Óó`ÿæÀÿ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ F¨Àÿç A{œÿLÿ Ó晜ÿ AæÓçàÿæ~ç ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿÀÿ A{œÿLÿ œíÿAæ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ DŒŸ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçàÿæ~ç > F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ {SæsçF FLëÿsçAæ SæôLëÿ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ A$æö†ÿ œÿçf Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓþÖ ¯ÿÖëÀÿ œÿç{f DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ Ó»¯ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ µÿÁÿç àÿæSë œÿæÜÿ] > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ 10- 15 sç Sæô Lëÿ {œÿB FLÿ S÷æþ ÓþíÜÿ ¯ÿæ S÷æþ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Svÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ Üÿ] þëô S÷æþ-ÓZëÿÁÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ S÷æþÓZëÿÁÿÀÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ , {µÿòSÁÿçLÿ, ¯ÿœÿ؆ÿçLÿ †ÿ$æ fÁÿ¯ÿæßëLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ {Ó ’ÿçS{Àÿ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ Ó{ˆÿ´ ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö Àëÿ{¨ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > F¨Àÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ ¾’ÿç {SæsçF S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ ¯ÿÖë DŒŸ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿ] {†ÿ{¯ÿ DNÿ ¯ÿÖëëLëÿ ¨{xÿæÉê S÷æþÓZëÿÁÿÀëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ¨æQ S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ SëxÿçLÿ þš{Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Aæ’ÿæœÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæ Ó{ˆÿ´ ¾’ÿç {Óþæ{œÿ œÿçfÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ AÓþ$ö ÀÿÜÿ;ÿç {†ÿ{¯ÿ DNÿ ¯ÿÖëLëÿ {Óþæ{œÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ Aœÿ¿ µÿæSÀÿ AàÿSæ S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿvÿæÀëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ W{ÀÿæB A$öœÿê†ÿç {Àÿ œÿçLÿsÀëÿ ’íÿÀÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ Lÿ÷þÉ… Aæ’ÿæœÿ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ {ÜÿD > {¾Dô ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLëÿ W{ÀÿæB A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ Ó»¯ÿ H àÿæµÿ¨÷’ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ µÿÁÿç àÿæSë œÿ $#¯ÿæ {ÓÜÿç ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿë ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ Aœÿ¿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ ¯ÿfæÀÿÀëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Óó¨í‚ÿö A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ ¨ëœÿ… ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > œíÿAæ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ ×æœÿêß ÓºÁÿ, ×æœÿêß {LÿòÉÁÿ †ÿ$æ ×æœÿêß É÷þ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ×æœÿêß Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ A¨¯ÿ¿ß , ¨Àÿç¯ÿÜÿœÿ Qa ÿö †ÿ$æ ¨÷’íÿÌ~ Lëÿ Lÿþ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó {ÀÿæfSæÀÿLëÿ ¯ÿÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
3. †ÿ÷ç{ä†ÿ÷êß A$ö †ÿ¦Àÿ þ{xÿàÿLëÿ A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ -
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß A$öœÿê†ÿç ¯ÿê A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ FLÿÀÿí¨ A$ö†ÿ¦ Ó¸Ÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó F$#{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿ癆ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿç ¯ÿç¯ÿ癆ÿæ AæþÀÿ Óþõ•ç H Óæþ$öÀÿ Dû A{s > FÜÿæLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Üÿõ’ÿßèÿþ LÿÀÿç AæþLëÿ {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æLëÿ †ÿç{œÿæsç µÿæS{Àÿ ¯ÿSöêLÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > FSëxÿçLÿ {Üÿàÿæ ¯ÿœÿ †ÿ¦ (Tribal Economy), S÷æþ †ÿ¦ (Rural Economy) H œÿSÀÿ †ÿ¦ ( Urban Economy)> {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ FÜÿç †ÿ÷ç{ä†ÿ÷êß A$ö†ÿ¦Àÿ AœëÿÀíÿ¨ Üÿ] þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > FÜÿç ¯ÿç¯ÿ癆ÿæÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ Aæ{þ {¯ÿ{Áÿ {¯ÿ{Áÿ ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæ{Àÿ Aäþ {ÜÿæB$æD F¯ÿó {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ{þ ÉêW÷†ÿæ{Àÿ ¯ÿœÿ¯ÿæÓê {ä†ÿ÷ H Sæô SëxÿçLëÿ ÓÜÿÀÿ µÿÁÿç Sÿç{†ÿæÁÿç¯ÿæLÿë ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç{œÿD > {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ{þ µëÿàÿç ¾æD {¾ FÜÿç AàÿSæ AàÿSæ {ä†ÿ÷Àÿ ÓºÁÿ, ÓþÓ¿æ H Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ vÿæÀëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö µÿçŸ >{†ÿ~ë FSëxÿçLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç AæþLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > AæþLëÿ FÜÿæ þš µëÿàÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô {¾ {SæsçF ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ÓþÖ Aó`ÿÁÿ{Àÿ {SæsçF µÿÁÿç ¯ÿÖëÀÿ DŒæ’ÿ{Àÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > F ¯ÿæ¯ÿ’ÿ{Àÿ þëô FLÿ D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ {’ÿDdç > ’ÿæ;ÿ þæfç¯ÿæ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ Ó´æ׿ ¨æBô A†ÿ¿;ÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö > ÓÜÿÀÿ{Àÿ ’ÿæ;ÿLÿævÿç ÓÜÿf{Àÿ þçÁÿç ¨æÀëÿ œÿ $#¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ÓÜÿÀÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ ’ÿæ;ÿ þæfç¯ÿæ ¨æBô së$ {¨ÎÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {Lÿò~Óç Óêþæ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ D`ÿç†ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > Lÿç;ëÿ ¯ÿœÿ¯ÿæÓê Aó`ÿÁÿ F¯ÿó S÷æþæó`ÿÁÿ{Àÿ ’ÿæ;ÿ Lÿævÿç ÓÜÿf{Àÿ D¨àÿ² {ÜÿæB$æF > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿæþ{Àÿ FÜÿç Aó`ÿÁÿÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZëÿ së${¨Î ¯ÿçLÿ÷ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {Lÿ{†ÿ ’íÿÀÿ D`ÿç†ÿ ? FÜÿæ †ÿ Ó晜ÿÀÿ A¨¯ÿ¿ß A{s > ’ÿæ;ÿ Óüÿæ ÀÿQç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç FÜÿæÀÿ D{”É¿ > Lÿç;ëÿ Aæ{þ þæ{œÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç þæœÿÓ F¯ÿó ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç ÓæÀÿçdë {¾Dôvÿç së${¨ÎÀÿ D¨àÿ²†ÿæ F¯ÿó ¨÷{ßæSLëÿ Üÿ] ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ þæœÿLÿ Àëÿ{¨ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç {œÿBdë > ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿxÿ þÜÿæœÿSÀÿ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ {Üÿæ{sàÿ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ Óæàÿæxÿ œÿæþ{Àÿ {Àÿüÿ÷çf{ÀÿsÀÿ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ SæfÀÿ, LÿæLëÿxÿç, þíÁÿæ, ¨çAæf Aæ’ÿçLëÿ {Ó¯ÿœÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç F¯ÿó F¨Àÿç LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZëÿ Daÿ fê¯ÿœÿ ¾æ¨œÿ{ÉðÁÿê ÖÀÿÀÿ {àÿæLÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æF > Aœÿ¿ ¨ä{Àÿ Sæô {Àÿ ÀÿÜëÿ$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ œÿçf ¯ÿæxÿçÀëÿ ¯ÿæÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç LÿæLëÿxÿç Aæ’ÿçLëÿ {™æB †ÿæfæ QæAæ;ÿç {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæLëÿ ¨dëAæ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æF > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ’õÿÌcç{Lÿæ~ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Aæ{þ Sæô H œÿSÀÿÀÿ fÁÿ Ó¸’ÿ, µÿ¯ÿœÿ œÿçþæö~, D¨{µÿæS {ÉðÁÿê Aæ’ÿç{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç ¨÷{µÿ’ÿLëÿ {’ÿQç ¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿçô > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿç¯ÿ癆ÿæLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
Óæ™æÀÿ~†ÿ… {’ÿQæ¾æB$æF {¾ ¯ÿœÿ¯ÿæÓê fœÿÓóQ¿æ AÅÿ{Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ, F¯ÿó S÷æþÀÿ fœÿÓóQ¿æ A抆ëÿÎ {ÜÿæB$æ;ÿç > ÓþÖ A$ö †ÿ¦Àÿ ÓÜÿÀÿêLÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ Aœëÿ`ÿç†ÿ Üÿ] œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó A{¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ þš > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ †ÿç{œÿæsç ¾æLÿ A$ö†ÿ¦{Àÿ Ó´æ߈ÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó Ó¸íÀÿLÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ A™#Lÿ Ó†ÿLÿö†ÿæ F¯ÿó LëÿÉÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ ’ÿæWöLÿæÁÿêœÿ ™æÀÿ~äþ Ó;ëÿÁÿç†ÿ Lÿ澿ö {¾æfœÿæ þæœÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > †ÿç{œÿæsç ¾æLÿ A$ö †ÿ¦Àÿ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæÀÿ Lÿ÷þ SëxÿçLëÿ AàÿSæ - AàÿSæ ÀÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
¯ÿœÿ †ÿ¦Àÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ {Lÿ{†ÿLÿ fçœÿçÌ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > ¯ÿœÿÀÿ ÓþÖ DŒæ’ÿLÿ µíÿþçÀÿ ÓóÀÿä~ F¯ÿó FÜÿæÀÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç D`ÿç†ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ {Ó ’ÿçS{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ¯ÿœÿ D¨f SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ {Ó ¯ÿæ¯ÿ’ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿœÿ¯ÿæÓê Éçäç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ¯ÿ{œÿò¨fÀÿ Aæþ’ÿæœÿê F¯ÿó fê¯ÿçLÿæ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Ó晜ÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ {Ó ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ {LÿòÉÁÿ F¯ÿó {sLÿœÿçLÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
S÷æþ †ÿ¦{Àÿ þš S÷æþ{’ÿ¿æS , LõÿÌç Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ÉçÅÿ F¯ÿó S÷æþê~ DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿ癆ÿæ{Àÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç ¯õÿ•ç {Üÿ¯ÿ {Ó ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > Qæ’ÿ¿ F¯ÿó AQæ’ÿ¿ üÿÓàÿ SëxÿçLÿ þš{Àÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç D`ÿç†ÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ , ¨Éë¨æÁÿœÿ F¯ÿó ¨ó`ÿS¯ÿ¿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ †ÿ¦ Lÿç¨Àÿç þf¯íÿ†ÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ {Ó ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
œÿSÀÿ †ÿ¦{Àÿ œíÿAæ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ¯ÿœÿ †ÿ¦ F¯ÿó S÷æþ †ÿ¦Àÿ {¨æÌLÿ F¯ÿó ¨÷’íÿÌ~ þëNÿ ÉçÅÿ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿç¨~œÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçˆÿêß Óó×æ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ Lÿç¨Àÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ {Ó ¯ÿæ¯ÿ’ÿ{Àÿ šæœÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæ ’ÿÀÿLÿæÀÿ >
{þæs D¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ fÁÿ, µíÿþç (fþçœÿ), fèÿàÿ , fê¯ÿ F¯ÿó fœÿ þš{Àÿ D`ÿç†ÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLÿë œíÿAæ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ H {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
4. LõÿÌç, LíÿsêÀÿ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ F¯ÿó ¯õÿÜÿ†ÿ ÉçÅÿ þš{Àÿ ¨æÀÿØÀÿçLÿ Ó¸LÿöÀÿ ¨ëœÿ¯ÿ}`ÿæÀÿ F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæ {ä†ÿ÷Lëÿ {ÓÜÿç AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ -
µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æLëÿ AæD FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿSöêLÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷, ÉçÅÿ {ä†ÿ÷ ( {¾Dô$ç{Àÿ LíÿsêÀÿÉçÅÿ, äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿõÜÿ†ÿÉçÅÿ Óæþçàÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç ) F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæ {ä†ÿ÷ > Ó´æ™#œÿ†ÿæ ¨{Àÿ ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿÀÿ `ÿæ¨{Àÿ Aæ{þ FÜÿç ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {ä†ÿ÷ þš{Àÿ $ç¯ÿæ Ó¸LÿöLëÿ ¯ÿçSæxÿç {’ÿB ÓæÀÿçd;ÿç > Aæ{þ AæþÀÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ ¯ÿxÿ ÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLëÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß ×æœÿ{Àÿ ÀÿQçd;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë FSëxÿçLëÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ F¯ÿó µÿæÀÿê ÉçÅÿ ( Basic and Heavy Industries){¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æDdç > LíÿsêÀÿ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ Lëÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ ÉçÅÿ (Ancillary Industry)Àÿ œÿæþ ’ÿçAæ¾æBdç > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ Aæ{þ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ÓæÀÿçdë {¾ LíÿsêÀÿ ÉçÅÿ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLÿ ¯ÿxÿ ÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ Ad;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë {ÓþæœÿZëÿ ¯ÿxÿ ÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ F¯ÿó †ÿæZÿ Lõÿ¨æ{Àÿ `ÿÁÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿç~æþÓ´Àíÿ¨ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ LíÿsêÀÿ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ Ó´æ߈ÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºœÿ {ÉÌ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ > FÜÿæ ¨{Àÿ Aæ{œÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ ¯ÿÁÿLÿæ ×æœÿ LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷Lëÿ {’ÿ{àÿ > ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæÀÿ FÜÿç Lÿ÷þ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ ¨ëófç ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æSÀÿ Aæ¯ÿ+œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçàÿæ F¯ÿó œÿê†ÿç þš FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ œÿçþöç†ÿ {Üÿàÿæ > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô ¨æÊÿæ†ÿ¿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿÉöœÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ FÜÿæ þš ÓçQæB ’ÿçAæSàÿæ {¾ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ{àÿ A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÓæßçLÿ ÿæó`ÿæ{Àÿ LõÿÌçÀÿ ×æœÿLëÿ ™#{Àÿ ™#{Àÿ Lÿþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ F¯ÿó ÉçÅÿ F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæ {ä†ÿ÷Àÿ ×æœÿLëÿ ™#{Àÿ ™#{Àÿ ¯ÿÿæB¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷ H AÓèÿvÿç†ÿ {ä†ÿ÷ ÓZÿsS÷Ö {ÜÿæBS{àÿ †ÿ$æ F¯ÿó FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ {¯ÿLÿæÀÿê, ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿, AÓæþœÿ†ÿæ †ÿ$æ Qæ’ÿ¿ ÓZÿs µÿÁÿç ÓþÓ¿æþæœÿ {’ÿQæ Sàÿæ > FÜÿæ Ó´æµÿæ¯ÿçLÿ þš $#àÿæ > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿç {ä†ÿ÷ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¨æÀÿØÀÿçLÿ Ó¸Lÿö Lëÿ ¨ë~ç ${Àÿ ¨ëœÿ… ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ > AæþLëÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ LõÿÌçLëÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß ×æœÿ{Üÿ¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ > LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷Lëÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ , ÓÜÿ{¾æS F¯ÿó {Ó¯ÿæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô LíÿsêÀÿ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷ ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ D¨LÿÀÿ~ H Bœÿ¨ës œÿçþæö~ F¯ÿó {¾æSæ~ LíÿsêÀÿ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLÿ LÿÀÿ;ëÿ > FÜÿæ ÓÜÿ LõÿÌç DŒæ’ÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô LõÿÌç DŒæ’ÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿþæœÿZÿÀÿ FLÿ ÓçÀÿçf ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ ¾çF Lÿç D¨{µÿæNÿæ þæœÿZÿ ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß ¯ÿÖëÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç{¯ÿ > FÜÿæ ¨{Àÿ LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿSëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯õÿÜÿ†ÿ ÉçÅÿ SëxÿçLÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç{¯ÿ > FÜÿç œíÿAæ ¨÷æ$þçLÿ†ÿæÀÿ Lÿ÷þLëÿ fæÀÿê ÀÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {Ó¯ÿæ {ä†ÿ÷Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨ `ÿÁÿæ ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ LõÿÌçLëÿ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {Àÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß ×æœÿ ¨÷æ© {ÜÿæB AæÓë$#àÿæ > {†ÿ~ë µÿæÀÿ†ÿLëÿ LõÿÌç ¨÷™æœÿ A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æD$àÿæ > LÿõÌçÀÿ ¨÷S†ÿçLëÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¨÷S†ÿçÀÿ þëQ¿ Aæ™æÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æD$#àÿæ > {†ÿ~ë þÜÿæµÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ {SæsçF ×æœÿ{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿ‚ÿöœÿæ Aæ{Ó > œÿæÀÿ’ÿ ¾ë™êÏêÀÿZëÿ ¨`ÿæÀÿçd;ÿç -
"Lÿ~ †ëÿþ Àÿæf¿{Àÿ LõÿÌLÿ þæ{œÿ Ó;ëÿÎ Ad;ÿç ? Lÿ~ †ëÿþ Àÿæf¿Àÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ œÿçßþç†ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ™æœÿ{Àÿ fÁÿæÉß þæœÿZÿÀÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ LõÿÌç {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¯ÿÌæö fÁÿ D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > LõÿÌLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ AŸ H þófçLëÿ Àÿäæ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç Lÿç œÿæÜÿçô ? F¯ÿó Lÿ~ †ëÿ{þ {ÓþæœÿZÿë FLÿ ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ ÜÿæÀÿ{Àÿ AœëÿS÷Üÿ J~ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀëÿd ? Lÿ~ †ëÿþ Àÿæf¿{Àÿ Ógœÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæ{œÿ LõÿÌç H ¨Éë¨æÁÿœÿ H ¯ÿæ~çf¿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç LÿæÀÿ~ FÜÿç †ÿç{œÿæsç ¯õÿˆÿç D¨{Àÿ Üÿ]ô fœÿÓæ™æÀÿ~Zÿ ÓëQ œÿçµÿöÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ > "( þÜÿæµÿæÀÿ†ÿ. Óµÿæ ¨¯ÿö, Ašæß- 8, {ÉâæLÿ-77-80) FÜÿç Lÿ$æ¯ÿæˆÿöæ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ Aæþ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ H œÿê†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô A†ÿ¿;ÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö Ó{Zÿ†ÿ þçÁÿç$æF >
JS{¯ÿ’ÿÀÿ J`ÿæ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ þš ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ,¯ÿæœÿçLÿê, ¨Éë¨æÁÿœÿ, LõÿÌç D¨LÿÀÿ~ LõÿÌçÀÿ þ樜ÿ , LõÿÌç ÓëNÿ F¯ÿó AäÓëNÿ{Àÿ LÿõÌç Àÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ µÿàÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlæ¾æBdç >
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ œíÿAæ Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ ¾ëSæœëÿÀíÿ¨ {Sæ¯ÿóÉ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ A$ö †ÿ¦Àÿ œÿçþæö~Àÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > {SæLëÿÁÿÀÿ Àÿæfæ œÿ¢ÿZÿ 9 àÿä SæC $#{àÿ > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç ¯õÿ̵ÿæœëÿZÿ œÿçLÿs{Àÿ 12 àÿä SæC $#{àÿ > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿæ àÿSæ†ÿæÀÿ Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > Ó´æ™êœÿ†ÿæ ¨{Àÿ FþæœÿZÿ ÓóQ¿æ œÿçÀÿ;ÿÀÿ Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > 1951 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç Üÿfæ{Àÿ þœëÿÌ¿{Àÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç 430 {Sæ¯ÿóÉ $#{àÿ Lÿç;ëÿ F{¯ÿ FÜÿæ Lÿþç -Lÿþç þæ†ÿ÷ 130 ÀÿÜÿç ¾æBdç > {Sæ¯ÿóÉ {ÜÿDdç µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¨Àÿç`ÿß, FÜÿæ AæþLëÿ {Lÿ{¯ÿ{Üÿ{àÿ µëÿàÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿÜÿô > {†ÿ~ë {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ LÿàÿºÓ {üÿÀÿç$#àÿæ {Ó {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæ ÓÜÿ SæC H SÜÿþLëÿ {œÿB ¾æB$#àÿæ >
5- ’ÿ´çÖÀÿêß þZÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿD-
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç FLÿæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ F¯ÿó Óþæ;ÿÀÿæÁÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ’ëÿBsç ÖÀÿ{Àÿ `ÿÁÿæB¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ 15-20 {Lÿæsç {àÿæLÿZëÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçÉçÎ {É÷~ê ¨æBô {SæsçF Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç `ÿÁÿæB¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ Që¯ÿ {†ÿfÓ´ê, Së~¯ÿæœÿ F¯ÿó Óþæf ¨÷†ÿç Që¯ÿ Ó{º’ÿœÿÉêÁÿ {ÜÿæB$æ;ÿç > FþæœÿZëÿ ¯ÿædç †ÿæZÿÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçµÿæ, äþ†ÿæLëÿ fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {ä†ÿ÷{Àÿ Ó{¯ÿæö‡õΆÿæ (Exellence) ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ F¯ÿó FþæœÿZëÿ Ó¯ëÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ÓÜÿ{¾æS LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > F¨Àÿç ¨÷†ÿçµÿæ¯ÿæœÿ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ Üÿ] Óþæf Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ `ÿ¿æ{àÿófLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {ä†ÿ÷ ¨æBô D¨{¾æSê F¯ÿó ÓþßæœëÿLíÿÁÿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê, œÿçßþ, ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ F¯ÿó þæœÿ’ÿóxÿ SëxÿçLÿë {Qæfç FLÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ ’ÿçS ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿ;ÿç >
’ÿ´ç†ÿêß ÖÀÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ 80-90 {Lÿæsç fœÿÓóQ¿æ ¯ÿçÉçÎ Óæ™æÀÿ~ fœÿ†ÿæÀÿ {É÷~êÀÿ {àÿæLÿþæ{œÿ AæÓ;ÿç > FÜÿç {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿ ¨æBô þš †ÿæZÿÀÿ {É÷~ê AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ †ÿ$æ Aó`ÿÁÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ µÿçŸ - µÿçŸ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ Lÿ澿ö {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FþæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ Óæþ$ö- Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæ, Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿçLÿ†ÿæLëÿ Aæ™æÀÿ LÿÀÿç {¾æfœÿæ þæœÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > D¨{ÀÿæNÿ Lÿ$æ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ šæœÿ œÿ {’ÿB ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç {¾æfœÿæ F¯ÿó œÿê†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ †ÿæÜÿæ àÿæµÿ¨÷’ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç¯ÿ{ˆÿö ÜÿæœÿçLÿæÀÿLÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > {SæsçF -’ëÿBsç D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ þæšþ{Àÿ FÜÿç Lÿ$æLëÿ µÿàÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Ó´Àíÿ¨ Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ LõÿÌç {ä†ÿ÷Lëÿ Üÿçô œÿçA;ëÿ > Aæ{þ fæ~ë {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ 80 ÉLÿ†ÿxÿæ `ÿæÌê äë’ÿ÷ F¯ÿó œÿæþ þæ†ÿ÷ `ÿæÌê Ad;ÿç > `ÿæÌ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô FþæœÿZÿÀÿ ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç fþç 1.6 {ÜÿLÿuÀÿ A{s > FÜÿç äë’ÿ÷ F¯ÿó œÿæþ þæ†ÿ÷ `ÿæÌê þæœÿZÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿLëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ, {Ó ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {LÿòÉÁÿ H {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê , LõÿÌç ¨•†ÿç F¯ÿó Aœÿ¿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ †ÿ¦ F¯ÿó {¾æfœÿæ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ F¯ÿó FSëxÿçLëÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿæÀÿê LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ > Lÿç;ëÿ Aæ{þ Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ þíÁÿ ¨÷Lõÿ†ÿçLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ œÿ ¯ëÿlç ¯ÿç{’ÿÉÀÿ œÿLÿàÿ LÿÀÿç A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ þófç D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ œíÿAæ LõÿÌç {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfêÀëÿ A¨~æB {œÿàëÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿç {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Qæ’ÿ¿æŸ DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæ ¯õÿ•çLëÿ Ó¯ëÿf ¯ÿç¨â¯ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç œÿæþ {’ÿàëÿ > F{¯ÿ FÜÿç œíÿAæ LõÿÌç {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ Ó¯ÿëf ¯ÿç¨â¯ÿÀÿ üÿÁÿæüÿÁÿ F¯ÿó ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ Àÿ SµÿêÀÿ þíàÿ¿æZÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > AæÓ;ëÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿf ¯ÿç¨È¯ÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ {LÿDô µÿæS{Àÿ AæÓç$#àÿæ? Aæ{þ {’ÿQç¯ÿæ {¾ FÜÿç Ó¯ëÿf ¯ÿç¨È¯ÿÀÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¨ófæ¯ÿ, ÜÿÀÿçßæ~æ F¯ÿó ¨Êÿçþ DˆÿÀÿ ¨÷{’ÿÉÀÿ Üÿ] {’ÿQæ¾æB$#àÿæ > {’ÿÉÀÿ Aœÿ¿ µÿæS{Àÿ FÜÿæÀÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ {’ÿQæ¾æB œÿ$#àÿæ > F¨Àÿç LÿæÜÿçôLÿç {Üÿàÿæ ? Aæ{þ fæ~ë {¾ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ þófçÀëÿ A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {’ÿÉê þófç †ëÿÁÿœÿæ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ ¨Àÿçþæ~{Àÿ ¨æ~ç , ÀÿæÓæßœÿçLÿ ÓæÀÿ F¯ÿó LÿêsœÿæÉLÿ IÌ™Àÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç$æF > {†ÿ~ë {’ÿÉÀÿ {¾Dô Aó`ÿÁÿ{Àÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ ¨æ~ç D¨àÿ² œÿ $#àÿæ {Óvÿæ{Àÿ Ó¯ëÿf ¯ÿç¨È¯ÿ ÓüÿÁÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç œÿ$#àÿæ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ {¾Dô vÿæ{Àÿ Ó¯ëÿf ¯ÿç¨È¯ÿ ÓüÿÁÿ {ÜÿæB$#àÿæ {Ó Aó`ÿÁÿ D¨{Àÿ †ÿæÀÿ üÿÁÿæüÿÁÿ Lÿ~ {Üÿàÿæ ? ¨æ~çÀÿ A†ÿ¿™#Lÿ þæ†ÿ÷æÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¨ófæ¯ÿ H ÜÿÀÿçßæ~æ{Àÿ µíÿSµÿö fÁÿÖÀÿ Që¯ÿ †ÿÁÿLëÿ `ÿæàÿç ¾æBdç F¯ÿó FÜÿç Àÿæf¿ SëxÿçLÿ Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ fÁÿ ÓZÿs ÓþÓ¿æ {’ÿQæ {’ÿBdç > ÀÿæÓæßœÿçLÿ D¯ÿöÀÿLÿ †ÿ$æ LÿêsœÿæÉLÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ A†ÿ¿$#Lÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ µÿíþçÀÿ Ó´æµÿ¯ÿçLÿ D¯ÿöÀÿæ ÉNÿç Lÿþç ¾æBdç F¯ÿó A{œÿLÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ LõÿÌç µíÿþç `ÿæÌ ¨æBô Aœëÿ¨{¾æSê {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ Qæ’ÿ¿æŸ , üëÿàÿ, üÿÁÿ, F¯ÿó ¨œÿç¨Àÿç¯ÿæ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ÀÿæÓæßœÿçLÿ ’ÿ÷¯ÿ¿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¨Àÿç~æþ Që¯ÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç F¯ÿó FÜÿæLëÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿ ÉÀÿêÀÿ{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ {ÀÿæS {ÜÿDdç > FÜÿæ FLÿ ¯ÿ¿ß¯ÿÜëÿÁÿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê {ÜÿæB$#¯ÿæÀëÿ {dæs `ÿæÌê þæ{œÿ FB$# ¨æBô {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ Q`ÿöLëÿ ¯ÿÀÿ’ÿæÖ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀëÿ œÿæÜÿçô > üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {Ó œÿçf fþç dæxÿç ÓÜÿÀÿ AæxÿLëÿ ¨Áÿæßœÿ LÿÀëÿdç > ¯ÿxÿ ¯ÿxÿ Lÿ¸æœÿê þæ{œÿ FÜÿç fþçLëÿ `ÿæÌê þæœÿZÿ vÿæÀÿë {œÿB Lÿ{¨æö{Àÿs LõÿÌç AæxÿLëÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {ÜÿDd;ÿç > DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ àÿæµÿ{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ LõÿÌLÿ J~ {œÿB F ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ œíÿ†ÿœÿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê{Àÿ `ÿæÌ LÿÀÿ;ÿç F¯ÿó {¾†ÿçLÿç AæÉæ LÿÀëÿ$æ;ÿç {Ó†ÿçLÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿ œÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ J~ Óëlç¯ÿæ{Àÿ AÓþ$ö {ÜÿDd;ÿç F¯ÿó A{œÿLÿ LõÿÌLÿ AæŠÜÿ†ÿ¿æ LÿÀëÿd;ÿç > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ œíÿAæ þófç LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ {’ÿÉÀëÿ {’ÿÉê þófç {ÉÌ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > F¯ÿó µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ `ÿæÌê þæ{œÿ ¯ÿÜëÿÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿ¸æœÿêÀÿ ÓZÿÀÿ þófç D¨{Àÿ ™#{Àÿ ™#{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçd;ÿç > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ Qæ’ÿ¿ ÓëÀÿäæ †ÿ$æ F¯ÿó {’ÿÉê þófçÀÿ Óó¨÷µíÿ†ÿæ ¨æBô FLÿ SµÿêÀÿ ÓZÿs DŒŸ {ÜÿDdç > {†ÿ~ë AæþLëÿ {¯ÿÁÿ $æD-$æD FÜÿæÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ {Qæfç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿæLëÿ {œÿB ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿê Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç H {¾æfœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ fÁÿ¯ÿæßë, þæsç, LõÿÌç fþçÀÿ AæLÿæÀÿ,ÓºÁÿ F¯ÿó Aœÿ¿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ SëxÿçLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç þófç, ÓæÀÿ , LõÿÌç D¨LÿÀÿ~ fÁÿ{Ó`ÿœÿÀÿ Ó晜ÿ , ¯ÿçLÿ÷ê H ¯ÿçˆÿêß ÓÜÿ{¾æS †ÿ¦Àÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Aæþ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ $#¯ÿæ LõÿÌç ¯ÿçÉ´¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿß F¯ÿó LõÿÌç AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿÀÿ ’ÿçS ×çÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {’ÿÉÀÿ LõÿÌç œÿê†ÿç þš FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç {Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ >
F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ’ÿ´ç†ÿêß D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~ Aæ{þ ¨Éë Ó¸’ÿ †ÿ$æ ’ëÿU DŒæ’ÿœÿ D¨{Àÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > Aæ{þ AæþÀÿ ’ëÿU DŒæ’ÿœÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷ SëxÿçLÿ{Àÿ 20-25 Lÿç{àÿæS÷æþ ’ëÿT ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ fÓ} SæCÀÿ œíÿAæ LÿçÓþ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿæB FÜÿæLëÿ Éëµÿ÷ ¯ÿç¨â¯ÿ (White Revolution) {¯ÿæàÿç ’ÿæ¯ÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç{’ÿàëÿ > Fvÿæ{Àÿ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ þ{œÿ ÀÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ fÓ} SæCÀÿ ’ëÿT{Àÿ {Ó ¨÷LÿæÀÿ {¨òÎçLÿ †ÿˆÿ´ œÿ $æF ¾æÜÿæ {’ÿÉê SæCÀÿ ’ëÿU{Àÿ $æF > ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLÿë S{àÿ FÜÿæ Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ {’ÿÉê SæBSëxÿçLÿÀÿ ’ëÿU{Àÿ $æF > {Sæ¯ÿóÉLëÿ Óþæ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç FLÿ Ìxÿ̦ > AæD FLÿ Lÿ$æ ÀÿÜÿçdç {¾ F¨Àÿç fÓ} SæB SëxÿçLÿÀÿ µÿÀÿ~ {¨æÌ~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ FLÿ {dæs `ÿæÌê ¨ä{Àÿ Aæ{’ÿò Ó»¯ÿ¨Àÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > œÿçfÀÿ xÿæßÀÿê Óó×æœÿ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ F¨Àÿç ¨•†ÿç œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ $#àÿæ ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ 2-3 àÿçsÀÿ ’ëÿU {’ÿD$#¯ÿæ SæBÀÿ ’ëÿU DŒæ’ÿœÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç ’ëÿB Së~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ F¯ÿó FÜÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Óæ™æÀÿ~ SÀÿê¯ÿ {àÿæLÿ ¨ä{Àÿ þš F¨Àÿç SæC ÀÿQç¯ÿæ Óº¯ÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > AæþLëÿ F¨Àÿç ¨•†ÿçÀÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ $#àÿæ >
{†ÿ~ë F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ {’ÿQç¯ÿæLÿë S{àÿ AæþLëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ F¯ÿó {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê F¯ÿó ¨•†ÿç œÿçþæö~ H ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ {Lÿð¢ÿ÷çLÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ {dæs- {dæs ÉçÅÿê F¯ÿó Aœÿ¿ {LÿòÉÁÿ fæ~ç$#¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿçSÀÿ F¯ÿó ×æœÿêß ÓºÁÿ F¯ÿó Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ S÷æþ ÓZëÿÁÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ F¯ÿó A$ö ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ þíÁÿ¯ÿˆÿöê ¨÷{ßæS AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS SëxÿçLÿë AæÀÿ» LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô AæþLëÿ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿZÿ ¨÷†ÿç AæÉ÷ç†ÿ {ÜÿæB œÿ ÀÿÜÿç Ó´æ™êœÿ, Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºê {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > > FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö , ¯ÿÖë , ¯ÿfæÀÿ, ¯ÿçˆÿêß †ÿ¦Àÿ œÿçþæö~ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ fçàÿâæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ LíÿsêÀÿ F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ Àÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ xÿç{ÀÿLÿuÀÿê †ÿçAæÀÿç {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ †ÿ$æ FþæœÿZÿÀÿ ÓóÀÿä~ H Óº™öœÿ ¨æBô FLÿ ÓÜÿ{¾æS †ÿ¦ fæàÿ (Networking)Àÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿç {œÿsH´æLÿöçèÿ µíÿÓþæ;ÿÀÿ (Horizontal)F¯ÿó µíÿàÿº( Vertical ) Dµÿß ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > µíÿÓþæ;ÿÀÿ {œÿsH´æLÿ}èÿÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ {SæsçF ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿÖë DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {dæs -{dæs DŒæ’ÿLÿ H D’ÿ¿þê þæ{œÿ Lÿó`ÿæ þæàÿ Lÿ÷ß , ¯ÿ÷æƒ, ¯ÿçj樜ÿ {LÿòÉÁÿ, ¨÷Éçä~, ¯ÿçˆÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ, ¯ÿçLÿ÷ê Aæ’ÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ ÓÜÿ{¾æS F¯ÿó ÓÜÿþ†ÿç Aæ™æ{Àÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç µíÿàÿº {œÿsH´æLÿ}ZÿÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {dæs D’ÿ¿þê þæ{œÿ S÷æÜÿLÿ F¯ÿó {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ Óþœÿ´ß ×樜ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿ F¯ÿó É÷þçLÿ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ Lÿ$æ¯ÿæˆÿöæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Lÿ澿ö ÓóÔõÿ†ÿçÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ œÿçÜÿæ†ÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ A{s > {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ™þöWs F¯ÿó †ÿæàÿæ ¯ÿ¢ÿ †ÿ$æ ¨ÀÿØÀÿ þš{Àÿ ÓóWÌö üÿÁÿ{Àÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ ä†ÿçLëÿ µÿÀÿ~æ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ AæD Aæþ {’ÿÉ œÿæÜÿçô > {†ÿ{¯ÿ FB$# ¨æBô Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç {¾ ÉçÅÿ¨†ÿç þæ{œÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ É÷þ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™ê ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ ¨Àÿç†ÿ¿æS LÿÀÿ;ëÿ F¯ÿó É÷þçLÿ þæœÿZëÿ ÉçÅÿÀÿ Óó`ÿæÁÿœÿ , œÿçшÿç †ÿ$æ àÿÿæµÿ{Àÿ ÓÜÿµÿæSê LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨$ †ÿàÿæÉ LÿÀÿ;ëÿ > Aœÿ¿ ¨ä{Àÿ É÷þçLÿ þæœÿZÿë þš ¨÷æþæ~çLÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ Üÿæœÿç œÿ ¨Üÿó`ÿæB¯ÿæ µÿÁÿç þæœÿÓ F¯ÿó Lÿ澿ö ÓóÔõÿ†ÿçLëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ ÉçÅÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ ÓZÿÅÿœÿæLëÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ Àëÿ¨ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ÀÿQç Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæÓÜÿ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ÖÀÿ{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö ÓóÔõÿ†ÿç †ÿ$æ Lÿ澿ö {¨÷Àÿ~æ Lëÿ {¨÷æûæÜÿœÿ {’ÿD$#¯ÿæ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ Lëÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ, ¨÷`ÿæÀÿç†ÿ , ¨÷ÓæÀÿç†ÿ F¯ÿó ×æ¨ç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ þš ¨÷ßæÓ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
{þæs D¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ {¯ÿðÉçΆÿæ , äþ†ÿæ, Óæþ$ö, Óóµÿæ¯ÿœÿæ F¯ÿó {LÿòÉÁÿ ¨÷†ÿçµÿæLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ `ÿçÜÿ§ç {ÓÜÿç AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ {¾æfœÿæÀÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ ¨æQ{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉæÁÿ LõÿÌç {¾æS¿ µíÿþç (12 ÉÜÿ àÿä {ÜÿLÿuÀÿ), Sèÿæ-¾þëœÿæ Àÿ ¯ÿçÉæÁÿ D¯ÿöÀÿ µíÿþç , ¯ÿçÚø†ÿ œÿ’ÿê fÁÿ {Ó÷æ†ÿ, ¯ÿÌö ÓæÀÿæ Óí¾¿ö Àÿ D¨àÿ²†ÿæ , dAsç J†ëÿ , Óþõ• {fð¯ÿ Ó¸’ÿ (¨æQæ¨æQç 85 ÜÿfæÀÿ ¯ÿõäàÿ†ÿæ) , 35 àÿäÀëÿ D™ö {¯ÿðjæœÿçLÿ F¯ÿó {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê ¯ÿç{ÉÌj, ( ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ A†ÿ¿æ™ëœÿçLÿ Óí`ÿœÿæ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfê ¯ÿç{ÉÌj þæœÿZÿÀÿ {É÷Ï þæœÿ¯ÿÉNÿç ) Aæßë{¯ÿö’ÿçLÿ IÌ™Àÿ ¯ÿçÉæÁÿ µÿƒæÀÿ, ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæS†ÿ {LÿòÉÁÿÀÿ Óþõ• ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ, {¾æS H Aæßë{¯ÿö’ÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ `ÿçLÿçûæ F¯ÿó ÓþS÷ Ó´æ׿ ¨•†ÿç, É÷•æ¯ÿæœÿ , Ó{;ÿæÌê, þç†ÿ¯ÿ¿ßê F¯ÿó ¨ÀÿçÉ÷þê,fœÿÉNÿç , Óþõ• ÓæþæfçLÿ F¯ÿó ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ F¯ÿó Óó×æ ÀÿÜÿçdç > Aæ{þ Aæþ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {¾æfœÿæ{Àÿ FÜÿç AæþLëÿ FÜÿç Óþõ• ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæÀëÿ þçÁÿç$ç¯ÿæ F¨Àÿç ÓºÁÿLëÿ LëÿÉÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
6- {ÀÿæfSæÀÿœÿ½&ëQê þç†ÿ¯ÿ¿ßê DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ -
AæfçÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ àÿºæ H A¨¯ÿ¿ßê A{s > F$#{Àÿ A™#Lÿ Ó晜ÿ (Bœÿ¨ësÓ) àÿSæ¾æB A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > AæÀÿ»{Àÿ Lÿó`ÿæþæàÿ A$¯ÿæ Q~çf ¨’ÿæ$ö {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ Qa ÿöLÿÀÿæ¾æF F¯ÿó {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {ÓÌ DŒæ’ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ S÷æÜÿLÿ þæœÿZÿ ¨æQ{Àÿ ¨Üÿó{`ÿ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæ þšÀëÿ A{œÿLÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ äÀÿ~ H A¨¯ÿ¿ß {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿç$æF > FÜÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿ †ÿ¦ A†ÿ¿™çLÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ {þÓçœÿ F¯ÿó ÉNÿç D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ {ÜÿæB $æF > {†ÿ~ë FÜÿæLëÿ `ÿÁÿæB ÀÿQç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {þÓçœÿ H Aœÿ¿ D¨LÿÀÿ~ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ àëÿÜÿæÀÿ †ÿ$æ ÉNÿç Àëÿ¨{Àÿ {LÿæBàÿæ Àÿ Që¯ÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ{Àÿ ¨÷{ßæS Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {¾ FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ àëÿÜÿæ {LÿæBàÿæLëÿ F¯ÿó {LÿæBàÿæ àëÿÜÿLÿë QæB$æF > Lÿç;ëÿ D¨{µÿæNÿæ ¨æQLëÿ Lÿçdç AæÓç œÿ$æF > FÜÿç A$ö †ÿ¦{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿ F¯ÿó D¨{µÿæNÿæ þš{Àÿ FLÿ Af~æ F¯ÿó ’íÿÀÿ-’íÿÀÿÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö ÀÿÜÿç$æF > DŒæ’ÿLÿ D¨{µÿæNÿæLëÿ œÿºÀÿ ÜÿçÓæ¯ÿ{Àÿ fæ~ç $æF , œÿæþ ÜÿçÓæ¯ÿ{Àÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > D’ÿÜÿÀÿ~ Ó´Àíÿ¨ 8, 10, 12 œÿºÀÿ {fæ†ÿæ F¯ÿó `ÿ¨àÿÀÿ S÷æÜÿLÿ F¯ÿó {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç 30, 35 ¯ÿæ 40 œÿºÀÿÀÿ Sófç F¯ÿó Óæsö Àÿ S÷æÜÿLÿ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿ F¯ÿó D¨{µÿæNÿæ þæœÿZÿ þš{Lÿ Ófê¯ÿ, F¯ÿó þæœÿ¯ÿêß Ó{º’ÿœÿæLëÿ ¯ëÿlç¨æÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ Ó¸LÿöÀÿ LÿÅÿœÿæ þš LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > AæþLëÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç DŒæ’ÿœÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ F¯ÿó †ÿ¦ Àÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾Dô$#{Àÿ LÿþÀëÿ Lÿþ Ó晜ÿ (Bœÿ¨ësúÓ) Àëÿ A™#LÿÀÿë A™#Lÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ †ÿ$æ Ó晜ÿÀÿ LÿþÀëÿ Lÿþ äÀÿ~ F¯ÿó ¾æÜÿæ DŒæ’ÿLÿ F¯ÿó S÷æÜÿLÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ þš{Àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿêß Ó¸Lÿö ×æ¨ç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç Aæþ Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿxÿ `ÿ¿æ{àÿóf > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ AæþLëÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç {sLÿœÿçLÿ Lëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ ¾æÜÿæ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¯õÿ•ç ’ÿçS{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ †ÿ$æ Lÿæþ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZëÿ AæŠÓ;ëÿÎç þçÁëÿ$#¯ÿ >
7. Óêþç†ÿ Óó¾þç†ÿ Ó’ÿæ`ÿæÀÿê D¨{µÿæS{ÉðÁÿê F¯ÿó fê¯ÿœÿ {ÉðÁÿê
{Lÿò~Óç A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ `ÿç†ÿ÷, `ÿÀÿç†ÿ÷ F¯ÿó ’ÿÉæ A{œÿLÿ ¨Àÿçþæ~{Àÿ D¨{µÿæS {ÉðÁÿê D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ LÿÀÿç$æF > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ{Àÿ `ÿæàÿç$ç¯ÿæ D¨{µÿæS {ÉðÁÿê F¯ÿó {Ó$#{Àÿ {’ÿQæ ¾æD$#¯ÿæ ÓþÓ¿æ F¯ÿó `ÿ¿æ{àÿófSëxÿçLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ `ÿçÜÿ§ç {œÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > ¯ÿçóÉ É†ÿæ±ÿê{Àÿ D¨{µÿæSÀÿ þæ†ÿ÷æ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿç¯ÿ癆ÿæ{Àÿ AÓæ™æÀÿ~ ¯õÿ•ç {ÜÿæBdç F$# {Àÿ {LÿÜÿç ’ÿ´çþ†ÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç{¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] >
1998 {Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {þæs D¨{µÿæS 24 s÷çàÿçßœÿ xÿàÿæÀÿ ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¨Üÿó`ÿç ÓæÀÿçdç > 1990 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ FÜÿæ þæ†ÿ÷ 1.5 s÷çàÿçßœÿ $çàÿæ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ þš {þæs D¨{µÿæS{Àÿ Që¯ÿ ¯õÿ•ç {ÜÿæBdç > Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿç D¨{µÿæSÀÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ Që¯ÿ QÀÿæ¨ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿæÀÿ üÿÁÿØÀíÿ¨ Aµÿæ¯ÿ Që¯ÿ ¯ÿÿçdç †ÿ$æ {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ AÓæþœÿ†ÿæ Që¯ÿ {fæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç {ÜÿæBdç > ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¨æQæ ¨æQç FLÿ ¯ÿçàÿçßœÿ {àÿæLÿ Aæfç þš fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀëÿ Që¯ÿ ’íÿÀÿ{Àÿ Ad;ÿç >
{¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ D¨{µÿæS ÓºÁÿÀÿ äÀÿ~,¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ ¨÷’íÿÌ~, ¯ÿçÁÿæÓê F¯ÿó ¨÷’ÿÉöœÿLÿæÀÿê D¨{µÿæS ¨æBô ¯ÿçœÿçþ}†ÿ ¯ÿÖëLëÿ ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ àÿæÁÿÓæ{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç †ÿ$æ {’ÿÉÀÿ Óæ™æÀÿ~ {àÿæLÿZÿ þíÁÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ $#¯ÿæ ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLëÿ ¯ÿó`ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ àÿæ{S {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ œÿçÊÿç†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ FÜÿæ `ÿç;ÿç†ÿ Lÿ{Àÿ >
Aæfç Aæ{þ D¨{µÿæNÿæ¯ÿæ’ÿ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ {¾Dô D¨{µÿæSÀÿ {ÉðÁÿêLëÿ Aæ¨~æB¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçd;ÿç †ÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Aæ{þ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ H ÓæþæfçLÿ Dµÿß ’õÿÎçÀëÿ Që¯ÿ A™#Lÿ Óþß ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ `ÿæàëÿ ÀÿQç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ Ó»¯ÿ¨Àÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô ÓþÖZÿ ¨æBô ™æÀÿ~äþ F¯ÿó ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿäþ þæœÿ¯ÿ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ Ó»æ¯ÿœÿæLëÿ Üÿ] ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç >
{¾Dô †ÿ$¿ ÓæþœÿæLëÿ AæÓëdç {Ó$#Àëÿ ØÎ AæfçÀÿ D¨{µÿæNÿæ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ Lÿç~ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô œÿçf AæßLëÿ Qa ÿöLÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç F¯ÿó FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Óó`ÿß Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç †ÿ$æ J~ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç >
F¨Àÿç àÿæSëdç {¾ D¨{µÿæS-’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ -{¯ÿLÿæÀÿê -{¯ÿþæÀÿê- AÓæþœÿ†ÿæ- ¨÷’íÿÌ~ þš{Àÿ FLÿ AÓæ™ë {þ+ †ÿçAæÀÿç {ÜÿDdç >
†ÿê¯ÿ÷ S†ÿç{Àÿ ¯ÿëÿ$#¯ÿæ D¨{µÿæNÿæ ¯ÿfæÀÿ F¯ÿó AæLÿ÷þLÿ -¯ÿçj樜ÿ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ¨÷†ÿç’ÿçœÿ œíÿAæ -œíÿAæ ÓþÓ¿æ DŒŸ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç >
AæLÿ÷æþLÿ ¯ÿçj樜ÿ þæšþ{Àÿ D¨{µÿæNÿæLëÿ œÿçfÀÿ ¯ÿÖë ¯ÿçLÿ÷ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¾ë• `ÿæàÿçdç > Aæ{þÀÿçLÿæÀÿ f{~ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç œÿçfÀÿ fê¯ÿœÿ LÿæÁÿ{Àÿ 1,50,000 ¯ÿçj樜ÿ {’ÿQç $æF > FLÿ Aœëÿþæœÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö ¯ÿçÉ´{Àÿ ¨÷†ÿç¯ÿÌö ÜÿæÀÿæÜÿæÀÿç 435 ¯ÿçàÿçßœÿ xÿàÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçj樜ÿ ¨æBô Qa ÿöLÿÀÿæ¾æB$æF > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ þš F¨Àÿç AæLÿ÷æþLÿ ¯ÿçj樜ÿ þæœÿ Që¯ÿ †ÿê¯ÿ÷ S†ÿç{Àÿ ¯ÿÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç >
D¨{µÿæNÿæ ¯ÿfæÀÿ{Àÿ fS†ÿêLÿÀÿ~ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçj樜ÿÀÿ LÿæÀÿ~ ¯ÿçÁÿæÓê F¯ÿó ¨÷’ÿÉöœÿLÿæÀÿê D¨{µÿæS þæšþ{Àÿ Óþæf{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ FLÿ ¯ÿçÉçÎ ×æœÿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ FLÿ {’ÿòxÿ AæÀÿ» {ÜÿæBdç > FÜÿç œíÿ†ÿœÿ {’ÿòxÿ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ' Status good' œÿæþ{Àÿ FLÿ ¯ÿÖë SëxÿçLÿÀÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ ÀÿLÿþ †ÿ$æ 'globalelites','global middle class',' global teens' µÿÁÿç œÿæþ{Àÿ A¯ÿÉçÎ ÓþæfÀëÿ AàÿSæ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ D¨{µÿæNÿæ þæœÿZÿÀÿ FLÿ œíÿAæ {É÷~ê Àÿ œÿçþæö~ {ÜÿæB ÓæÀÿçàÿæ~ç >
¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ Aæþ Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ D¨×ç†ÿ $#¯ÿæ ÓZÿsÀÿ þíÁÿ LÿæÀÿ~ {ÜÿDdç {’ÿæ̨í‚ÿö D¨{µÿæS {ÉðÁÿê H fê¯ÿœÿ {ÉðÁÿê {¯ÿæàÿç F{¯ÿ Óþ{Ö Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ÓæÀÿç{àÿ~ç > {†ÿ~õ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæÀëÿ DŒŸ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿæ ÓZÿs F¯ÿó ÓþÓ¿æÀëÿ ¾’ÿç Óþæ™æœÿÀÿ ¯ÿæs {Qæfç¯ÿæÀÿ Adç {†ÿ{¯ÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ Aæ`ÿÀÿ~Àÿ þæœÿ’ÿƒ †ÿ$æ fê¯ÿœÿþíàÿ¿{Àÿ AæþLëÿ Óþ¿Lÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ Aæ~ç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > AæþLëÿ Óêþç†ÿ, Óó¾þç†ÿ, Ó’ÿæ`ÿæÀÿê, þç†ÿ¯ÿ¿ßê fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿê F¯ÿó D¨{µÿæS {ÉðÁÿê ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ > AæþLëÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç fê¯ÿœÿ {ÉðÁÿê ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ ¾æÜÿæ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉÀÿ {¨æÌLÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ, SÀÿê¯ÿ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó´æ$öÀÿ Óº™öLÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ, ¾æÜÿæ ÓÜÿµÿæSç†ÿæ DŒŸ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ , þæœÿ¯ÿçLÿ äþ†ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçÖæÀÿ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæßLÿ {ÜÿD$#¯ÿ, ÓæþæfçLÿ ’ÿæßç†ÿ´ ¯ÿÿæD$#¯ÿ, {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¨çÿêÀÿ œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿÀÿó µÿæ¯ÿê ¨êÿêÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ `ÿç;ÿæ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿ F¯ÿó ¾æÜÿæ ÓõfœÿÉêÁÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç †ÿ$æ Óþë’ÿæßLëÿ {¨÷æûæÜÿç†ÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ AæþLëÿ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ þ{œÿ ÀÿQç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ AæþLëÿ D¨{µÿæS{Àÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {Üÿ{àÿ Lÿç;ëÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ™œÿê {’ÿÉþæœÿZÿÀÿ œÿLÿàÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ {Lÿò~Óç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ œÿæÜÿ] > {ÓÜÿç D¨{µÿæS {ÉðÁÿê{Àÿ AæþLëÿ F ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ `ÿç;ÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ {’ÿÉÀÿ ÓþÖ {àÿæLÿZÿ ¨æBô {µÿæfœÿ, àëÿSæ¨sæ H ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô WÀÿ †ÿ$æ Éçäæ H Ó´æ׿ µÿÁÿç {þòÁÿçLÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß ¯ÿÖë H {Ó¯ÿæ D¨àÿ² {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
FÜÿç Lÿ澿ö Lëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô SÀÿê¯ÿ {àÿæLÿZÿ Lÿæþ{Àÿ AæÓë$#¯ÿæ D¨{µÿæNÿæ ¯ÿÖë,Lÿþ Qaÿö ¯ÿçÉçÎ SõÜÿœÿçþæö~ ÓæþS÷ê, Lÿþ ÉNÿç Qaÿö {ÜÿB$ç¯ÿæ D¨LÿÀÿ~ Aæ’ÿçÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ †ÿ$æ Qæ’ÿ¿æŸLÿë ÉÖæ F¯ÿó ÓëÀÿäç†ÿ D¨æß{Àÿ ÀÿQç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ {Ó Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D¨{Àÿ Që¯ÿ ÉêW÷ šæœÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >{fð¯ÿçLÿ LõÿÌç,ÀÿÓæßœÿþëNÿ Qæ’ÿ¿ ¨’ÿæ$ö, Üÿ¯ÿöàÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿÖëÀÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ F¯ÿó D¨{µÿæS D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ ¾ç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > D¨{µÿæNÿæ þæœÿZëÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Qæ’ÿ¿ F¯ÿó {¨ß ¨’ÿæ$ö, IÌ™, Ó´æ׿ {Ó¯ÿæ, W{ÀÿæB D¨LÿÀÿ~, ¾æ†ÿæßæ†ÿ ÓëÀÿäæ Aæ’ÿç ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ vÿçLÿ F¯ÿó ØÎ Óí`ÿœÿæ þçÁÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > ¯ÿÖëSëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿæÀÿºæÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ, Lÿþ Qaÿö F¯ÿó Lÿþ Ó晜ÿ{Àÿ Lÿæþ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ {ÉðÁÿêLëÿ þš ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ > Ó´æ׿Àÿ Óæ™æÀÿ~ œÿçßþ, AæÜÿæÀÿ-¯ÿçÜÿæÀÿ D¨{Àÿ Óó¾þ, {¾æS, AæÓœÿ. ¨÷~æþ, Aæßë{¯ÿö’ÿ,W{ÀÿæB D¨`ÿæÀÿ Aæ’ÿçÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿç{ÉÌ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > ÓæþæfçLÿ F¯ÿó {’ÿðœÿ¢ÿçœÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÁÿæ¨{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ µíÿþçLÿæ ’ÿçœÿLëÿ ’ÿçœÿ Lÿþ {Üÿ¯ÿæ{Àÿ àÿæSçdç > FÜÿæLëÿ ¨ë~ç${Àÿ ×æ¨ç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ µÿÁÿç D¨æß SëxÿçLÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ÓÀÿÁÿ fê¯ÿœÿ -¾æ¨œÿ {ÉðÁÿê ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ ÓÜÿæ߆ÿæ þçÁÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
D¨{Àÿ ’ÿçAæ¾æB$#¯ÿæ þ樒ÿƒ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ QæB¯ÿæ-¨çB¯ÿæ, {¯ÿɵíÿÌæ, ÓæfÓgæ,µÿ¯ÿœÿ œÿçþæö~, fÁÿ ¯ÿç’ÿ¿&ë†ÿ F¯ÿó ÉNÿçÀÿ Aœÿ¿ Ó晜ÿSëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS. ¯ÿç¯ÿæÜÿ- ¯ÿ÷†ÿ, ¨¯ÿö -¨¯ÿæö~ç, þèÿÁÿ ¨÷Óèÿ, Dû¯ÿ Aæ’ÿç{Àÿ A†ÿ¿™#Lÿ Q`ÿöLëÿ {ÀÿæLÿç¯ÿæ F¯ÿó {Ó$#{Àÿ ÓþßæœëÿLíÿÁÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿêß ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ Aæ~ç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨÷ßæÓ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > fê¯ÿœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {ä†ÿ÷ ¨æBô þæœÿLÿ Ó´Àíÿ¨ Àÿê†ÿç -œÿê†ÿç ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ †ÿ$æ ÓæþæfçLÿ fê¯ÿœÿ{Àÿ FÜÿæLëÿ ¨÷`ÿæÀÿ ¨÷ÓæÀÿ LÿÀÿæB FÜÿæLëÿ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ ¨÷’ÿæœÿ LÿÀÿæB¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > ¨÷Óç• Óþæf¯ÿçjæœÿê xÿ. É¿æþæ`ÿÀÿ~ ’íÿ{¯ÿ {¯ÿðLÿÅÿçLÿ fê¯ÿœÿ {ÉðÁÿê D¨{Àÿ {¾Dô LÿÅÿœÿæ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç †ÿæLëÿ œÿç{þ§æNÿ ɱÿ{Àÿ ¨÷LÿæÉ LÿÀÿçd;ÿç > {Ó LÿÜÿçd;ÿç " ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ fê¯ÿœÿ {ÉðÁÿê ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ þfæ, ÜÿÓ- QëÓê, Ó{;ÿæÌ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ D¨{µÿæS AæxÿLëÿ A™#Lÿ šæœÿ ’ÿçF FÜÿæLëÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿæB¯ÿæLÿë {Üÿ¯ÿ > œíÿAæ ¨Àÿç{¯ÿÉ{Àÿ ÓþæfÀÿ Óþõ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ œÿçfÀÿ BbÿæLëÿ {ÀÿæLÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç{àÿ Óë•æ Aæœÿ¢ÿÀÿ Aœëÿµíÿ†ÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ †ÿ$æ †õÿ©ç þçÁÿç¯ÿ > ¯ÿ¿Nÿç œÿçf ¨æBô ¯ÿæ œÿçf ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨æBô Lÿ~ LÿÀÿçdç †ÿæÜÿæ ÓüÿÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ þæ¨Lÿævÿç œÿ {ÜÿæB {Ó Óþæf ¨æBô Lÿ~ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿçdç †ÿæÜÿæ ÓüÿÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ þæ¨Lÿævÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ > ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ ÓüÿÁÿ†ÿæÀÿ þíàÿ¿æZÿœÿ †ÿæÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ¨÷æÓèÿçLÿ†ÿæ F¯ÿó Óþæf Lÿàÿ¿æ~{Àÿ †ÿæÀÿ {¾æS’ÿæœÿ Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > {¾Dô ¯ÿ¿Nÿç I`ÿç†ÿ¿Àÿ ÓêþæLëÿ A†ÿçLÿ÷þ~ LÿÀÿç ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿ †ÿæLëÿ {Üÿß ’õÿÎç{Àÿ {’ÿQæ¾ç¯ÿ > " D¨{µÿæS F¯ÿó DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ Ó´Àëÿ¨{Àÿ vÿçLÿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ Aæ~ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô AæþLëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç AœëÿÀíÿ¨ F¯ÿó µÿæÀÿ†ÿ ¨æBô D¨¾ëNÿ {s{Lÿ§æ{àÿæfêÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ F¯ÿó ¨÷{ßæS D¨{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ > {þæs D¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ Óêþç†ÿ, Óó¾þç†ÿ , Éë• Óæÿˆÿ´ç Lÿ ™æÀÿ~äþ, D¨{µÿæS H fê¯ÿœÿ{ÉðÁÿê ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç Aæ{þ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿÀÿ ¯ÿçÓèÿ†ÿçSëxÿçLëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç Óæ¯ÿöfœÿêœÿ {àÿæLÿ þèÿÁÿÀÿ þæSöLëÿ ¨÷ÉÖ LÿÀÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ >
8- ¨ÀÿØÀÿæ¯ÿàÿºê {Ó´ðbÿçLÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Ó¸Lÿö
Fvÿæ{Àÿ FLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö ¨÷ɧ D¨×ç†ÿ ÜëÿF {¾ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ Aæ;ÿföæ†ÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Ó¸Lÿö, Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ F¯ÿó fS†ÿêLÿÀÿ~ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ ¯ÿæ œÿê†ÿç Lÿç¨Àÿç ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ ? Lÿ~ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ ¯ÿ¢ÿ A$öœÿê†ÿçÀÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê ? F Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ Aæ{þ {SæsçF Lÿ$æ LÿÜÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ {Lÿ{¯ÿ {Üÿ{àÿ ¯ÿ¢ÿ A$öœÿæ†ÿç Àÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê œÿ $#àÿæ œÿæ AæSLëÿ {Lÿ{¯ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ {SæsçF Lÿ$æLëÿ µÿàÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿçÉ´{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óó¸Lÿö F¯ÿó Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿çLÿ Ó¸Lÿö Óþæœÿ Aæ™æÀÿÀÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö œëÿ{Üÿô > {SæsçF ¨{s Lÿçdç ™œÿê {’ÿÉ Ad;ÿç Aœÿ¿ ¨{s ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉþæ{œÿ Ad;ÿç > FÜÿç ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæ{œÿ {Qæàÿæ ¨÷†ÿç{¾æSç†ÿæ œÿæþ{Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ ÓÜÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô †ÿæZÿÀÿ Óˆÿö àÿ’ÿç {’ÿB$æ;ÿç > Aæþ’ÿæœÿê F¯ÿó Àÿ©æœÿê Dµÿß{Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ {ÉæÌ~ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ{Àÿ SÀÿê¯ÿ {’ÿÉ SëxÿçLÿ ™œÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿæš {ÜÿDd;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿÀÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Ó¸Lÿö ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿæ¯ÿàÿºê F¯ÿó ¨{Àÿæ¨fê¯ÿê Aæ$#öLÿ Ó¸Lÿö A{s A$¯ÿæ {ÉæÌLÿ F¯ÿó {ÉæÌç†ÿÀÿ Ó¸Lÿö A{s > Aæ{þ F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Ó¸LÿöÀÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê {œÿæÜëÿô > Aæ{þ FLÿ A¨Àÿç ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê {¾Dô $#{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ þš{Àÿ ¨ÀÿØÀÿæ¯ÿàÿºê Aæ$#öLÿ Ó¸Lÿö †ÿçAæÀÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ > {Óþæ{œÿ Ó´Bbÿæ{Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿÖëÀÿ Aæþ’ÿæœÿê H Àÿ©æœÿê LÿÀÿ;ëÿ , LÿæÜÿæ D¨{Àÿ {fæÀÿ f¯ÿÀÿ’ÿÖç {Lÿò~Óç Óˆÿö œÿ àÿ’ÿæ ¾æD > ¯ÿÀÿó ¨ÀÿØÀÿÀÿ Üÿç†ÿÀÿ Óº™öœÿ ¨æBô Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ {ÜÿD > Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Ó¸Lÿö ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ {Lÿò~Óç œÿê†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨í¯ÿöÀëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ Aæ$#öLÿ Óó×æ H Wsë$#¯ÿæ Ws~æLÿ÷þ D¨{Àÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ AæLÿÁÿœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ >
F ’ÿõÎçÀëÿ ¾’ÿç ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF {†ÿ{¯ÿ {†ÿ{¯ÿ FLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö Lÿ$æ ’ÿõÎç AæLÿÌö~ Lÿ{Àÿ > Aæ;ÿfæö†ÿçLÿ þë’ÿ÷æ{LÿæÌ , ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿ¿æZÿ , ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ Óèÿvÿœÿ , ¯ÿÜëÿÀÿæÎ÷êß Lÿ¸æœÿê þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¨ëœÿÓöóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ ¨æBô `ÿæàÿç$#¯ÿæ ¨÷ßæÓ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ÉNÿç þæœÿZÿ Ó´æ$ö{Àÿ `ÿæàÿçdç > {†ÿ~ë Fþæ{œÿ þíÁÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß Ó´æ$öÀÿ ¨Àÿ稡ÿê As;ÿç > FÜÿç Óó×æ SëxÿçLÿë µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ Ó´æ$öLëÿ {Lÿ¢ÿ÷ {Àÿ ÀÿQç œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿç Óó×æ SëxÿçLÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™ê œëÿÜÿ;ÿç ¯ÿÀÿó Ó¸í‚ÿö þæœÿ¯ÿçLÿ†ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™ê >FþæœÿZëÿ ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ {SæsçF {dæs {É÷~êÀÿ Ó´æ$ö Ó晜ÿ ¨æBô †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç >
fS†ÿêLÿÀÿ~ œÿæô{Àÿ {¾Dô Ó¯ëÿ Aæ$#öLÿ œÿê†ÿç A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç †ÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ œÿæ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ {ÜÿæBdç F¯ÿó œÿæ {ÀÿæfSæÀÿ ¯ÿÿçdç > ¯ÿÀÿó ’ÿæÀÿç’ÿ÷¿ , AÓþæœÿ†ÿæ ,þë’ÿ÷æÙÿç†ÿç{Àÿ Që¯ÿ ¯õÿ•ç {ÜÿæBdç > LõÿÌç F¯ÿó äë’ÿ÷ ÉçÅÿ D¨{Àÿ FÜÿæÀÿ µÿßZÿÀÿ ¨÷†ÿçLÿíÁÿ ¨÷µÿæ¯ÿ ¨xÿçdç > FÜÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ ¨÷æLÿõ†ÿçLÿ ÓºÁÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ Lÿ¯ÿfæ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæÀÿ {`ÿÎæ AæÜëÿÀÿç †ÿê¯ÿ÷†ÿÀÿ {ÜÿæBdç > µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¯ÿfæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¯ÿÖë þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¨÷{¯ÿÉ, †ÿ$æ WÀÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê A¨ÓóÔõÿ†ÿç ¨÷{¯ÿÉ LÿÀÿçdç > ¯ÿçœÿç{¯ÿÉ (Disinvestment) œÿæþ{Àÿ S†ÿ ¨`ÿæÉ ¯ÿÌö ™Àÿç Aföœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB$#¯ÿæ ¨ÀÿçÓ¸ˆÿç, Ó´{’ÿÉê LÿæÀÿQæœÿæ F¯ÿó †ÿæZÿ DŒæ’ÿLÿë Që¯ÿ ÉêW÷†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ ¯ÿç¯ÿæ’ÿêß µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê Lÿ¸æœÿê þæœÿZÿ Üÿæ†ÿLëÿ {sLÿç ’ÿçAæ¾æDdç > {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ F†ÿçLÿç œëÿ{Üÿô ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ ÓèÿvÿœÿÀÿ œÿê†ÿç- œÿç{’ÿöÉ Aœëÿ¨æÁÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {¨{s+ AæBœÿ{Àÿ Óó{É晜ÿÀÿ LÿÁÿæ dæßæ {’ÿÉÀÿ Óæ¯ÿö{µÿòþ†ÿæ D¨{Àÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {Üÿàÿæ~ç >
¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ ÓèÿvÿœÿÀÿ Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ FÜÿæÀÿ ’íÿÀÿSæþê üÿÁÿæüÿÁÿLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç A™#Lÿ fæS÷†ÿ †ÿ$æ Ó†ÿLÿö {ÜÿæB LëÿÉÁÿ œÿê†ÿç H Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
F þæþàÿæ{Àÿ ÉêW÷†ÿæ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿ{Àÿ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ F ¯ÿæ¯ÿ’ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿç†ÿLÿö LÿÀÿæB, ¯ÿç{ÉÌj þæœÿZÿ Àÿæß {œÿB †ÿ$æ Óº¤ÿç†ÿ Aæ$#öLÿ ¨ä SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÉêÁÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ Aæ{àÿæ`ÿœÿæ LÿÀÿç µÿæÀÿ†ÿLÿë FLÿ þçÁÿç†ÿ þó`ÿ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ F¯ÿó µÿæÀÿ†ÿ Lëÿ FÜÿç {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ {œÿ†õÿ†ÿ´ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô AæSLÿë AæÓç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > {Ó ’õÿÎçÀëÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ ÓÜÿ ¯ëÿ•çþ†ÿæ¨í~ö {þ+ (Discriminatory alliance) AæxÿLëÿ ¯ÿÿçç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ >
¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¨íqç ¯ÿçœÿç{¾æSÀÿ {þæÜÿfæàÿ{Àÿ †ÿ$æ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¯ÿæ~çf¿Àÿ ¯ëÿÿçAæ~ê fæàÿ{Àÿ œÿ ¨Éç FÜÿæÀÿ {ä†ÿ÷, ¨÷LÿæÀÿ, þæ†ÿ÷æ H Óˆÿö Àÿ œÿç™æöÀÿ~ fæ†ÿêß Ó´æ$öÀÿ þæ¨Lÿævÿç{Àÿ A™#Lÿ Ó†ÿLÿö†ÿæ †ÿ$æ ¯ëÿ•çþ†ÿæ ÓÜÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {’ÿÉLëÿ ¨ÀÿæÉ÷ç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ œÿê†ÿç AæŠWæ†ÿê A{s > {ÉÌ{Àÿ FÜÿæÀÿ ¨÷{ßæS †ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ Lÿç;ëÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô , Fþæ{œÿ fæ†ÿêß A$öœÿê†ÿçLëÿ ÉNÿçÉæÁÿê LÿÀÿ;ëÿ {Üÿ{àÿ ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ LÿÀÿç œÿ ¨æÀÿ;ëÿ - FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ Óæ¯ÿ™æœÿ†ÿæÀÿ ÓÜÿ Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ ÓèÿvÿœÿÀÿë þëNÿç ¨æB¯ÿæ †ÿ †ëÿÀÿ;ÿ Ó»¯ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô , {†ÿ~ë FÜÿæÀÿ †ÿ¦ H œÿê†ÿç œÿçßþLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlç FÜÿæÀÿ ÉNÿç †ÿ$æ ’ëÿ¯ÿöÁÿ†ÿæLëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ `ÿçÜÿ§ç µÿæÀÿ†ÿÀÿ Ó´æ$ö ¨æBô FÜÿæLëÿ Lÿç¨Àÿç ¨÷{ßæS LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ LëÿÉÁÿ†ÿæLëÿ þš ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ F¯ÿó ¯ÿçÉ´Àÿ A{œÿLÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¯ÿÜëÿÖÀÿêß {þ+ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ FÜÿæÀÿ Aæ;ÿÀÿçLÿ A;ÿ¯ÿ}{Àÿæ™Lëÿ ¯ÿÿæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¯ÿæ~çf¿ ÓèÿvÿœÿÀÿ `ÿç†ÿ÷ H `ÿÀÿç†ÿ÷Lëÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿæB¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷Lÿ÷çßæ AæÀÿ» {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ >
Aæ{þ A™¨;ÿÀÿçAæ F¯ÿó {ÉæÌ~LÿæÀÿê fS†ÿêLÿÀÿ~Àÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê {œÿæÜëÿô > Aæ{þ ¯ÿçÉ´ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ D¨{Àÿ Aæ™æÀÿç†ÿ þèÿÁÿLÿæÀÿê fS†ÿêLÿÀÿ~Àÿ ¨ä¨æ†ÿê > {þæs D¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ {¯ÿðÉ´çLÿ µíÿ-Àÿæf{œÿð†ÿçLÿ - Aæ$#öLÿ F¯ÿó Óµÿ¿†ÿæ Ó¢ÿµÿö{Àÿ D¨¾ëNÿ fæ†ÿêß Àÿ~œÿê†ÿç AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿLëÿ ¨÷Öë†ÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç >
9- BÉ´Àÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ F¯ÿó þþ†ÿæþßê ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ -
{Lÿò~Óç Aæ$#öLÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ {SæsçF SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö ¨÷ɧ {Üÿàÿæ {¾ Ó晜ÿ Ó¸’ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ LÿæÜÿæÀÿ A™#LÿæÀÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ (Who should be the owner of the means of production) ? ¨íqç¯ÿæ’ÿê ¨÷~æàÿêÀÿ {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ FÜÿç ¨÷ɧÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB$æF {¾ DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ (Individual ownership over means of production) {Üÿ¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ A™#LÿæÀÿ {ÜÿæB ¾æB$æF F¯ÿó {Ó œÿçfÀÿ Ó晜ÿ Ó¸’ÿSëxÿçLÿÀÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ ¯õÿ•ç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ{Àÿ †ÿ$æ FÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ œÿçfÀÿ Bbÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç$æF > FÜÿæÀÿ üÿÁÿÓ´Àíÿ¨ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ÓóWÌö, {ÉæÌ~, AÓþæœÿ†ÿæ Aæ’ÿç ÓZÿs fœÿ½ œÿçF > B†ÿçÜÿæÓ {ÜÿDdç FÜÿæÀÿ Óæäê > FÜÿæÀÿ vÿçLÿ Hàÿsæ Óþæf¯ÿæ’ÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ LëÿÜÿæ¾æF {¾ DŒæ’ÿœÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ Àÿæf¿Àÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ (State ownership over the means of production){Üÿ¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ Üÿ] {Óþæ{œÿ ÀÿæÎ÷êßLÿÀÿ~ {¯ÿæàÿç œÿæþ {’ÿBd;ÿç > †ÿæZÿ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ {’ÿÉÀÿ ÓºÁÿ Àÿæf¿Àÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´Lëÿ ¨í‚ÿö µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ AÓ´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç ’ÿçAæ¾æF {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æ D¨{Àÿ ¨÷ɧ¯ÿæ`ÿê ÓõÎç ÜëÿF > Óæþ¿¯ÿæ’ÿê {’ÿÉ þæœÿZÿÀÿ Aµÿçj†ÿæ FÜÿæLëÿ ¨÷þæ~ç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¾{$Î {¾ Àÿæf¿Àÿ àÿævÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ Që¯ÿ A™#Lÿ Óþß ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ œÿçfÀÿ ¨íÀÿæ äþ†ÿæ ÓÜÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿæš LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿç¨Àÿç ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç, ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Àëÿ¨{Àÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç œÿ$æF ¯ÿÀÿó {þÓçœÿÀÿ FLÿ AóÉ µÿÁÿç Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç$æF > F¨Àÿç ¨÷~æÁÿê{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þš{Àÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æ (incentive) †ÿ$æ Ó´D’ÿ¿þ (Initiative ) Dµÿß {ÉÌ {ÜÿæB¾æB$æF >
FµÿÁÿç ¨Àÿç×ç†ÿç{Àÿ FLÿ þëQ¿ ¨÷ɧ Aæ{Ó D¨×ç†ÿ ÜëÿF {¾ Ó晜ÿ Ó¸’ÿ D¨{Àÿ LÿæÜÿæÀÿ Ó´æþê†ÿ´Lëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ , ¾æÜÿæ üÿÁÿ{Àÿ Óþæf{Àÿ ÓóWÌö H {ÉæÌ~Àëÿ ¯ÿó`ÿæ¾æB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ †ÿ$æ {’ÿÉÀÿ {àÿæLÿþæœÿZÿ þš{Àÿ {¨÷Àÿ~æ (incentive) †ÿ$æ Ó´D’ÿ¿þ (Initiative ) þš ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß `ÿç;ÿœÿÀÿ Aæ{àÿæLÿ{Àÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ {Àÿ CÉ´Àÿ Ó´æþê†ÿ´Àÿ FLÿ Aµÿçœÿ¯ÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ DŒæ’ÿœÿÀÿ Ó晜ÿ þæœÿZÿ D¨{Àÿ œÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ A™#LÿæÀÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ œÿæ ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿZÿ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæ D¨{Àÿ ¨ÀÿþæŠæ ( A$æö†ÿ Óþæf)Àÿ Ó´æþê†ÿ´Lëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ >
¨÷æ`ÿêœÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿçÌê þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ A{œÿLÿ $Àÿ C{É樜ÿçÌ’ÿ Àÿ
BÉæ¯ÿæÓ¿þç’ÿó Ó¯ÿößNÿç`ÿó fS†ÿ¿æó fS†ÿ >
{†ÿœÿ †ÿ¿{Nÿþ µíÿófç$æ… þæ Sõ™… LÿÓ¿Ó´ç’úÿ™œÿþ >> (C{ÉæÌ-1) Ó{¢ÿÉÀÿ D{àÿâQ LÿÀÿæ¾æBdç > {ÓÜÿç¨Àÿç †ëÿÁÿÓê’ÿæÓfêZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ É÷êÀÿæþ`ÿÀÿç†ÿ þæœÿÓ{Àÿ 'ÓçßæÀÿæþ þß Ó¯ÿ fS fæœÿæ' A$¯ÿæ ¯ÿç{œÿæ¯ÿæ µÿæ{¯ÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ 'Ó{¯ÿð µíÿþç {Sæ¨æàÿ Lÿç ßæ {þô AsLÿ LÿÜÿæô > ' F¯ÿó Sæ¤ÿêfêZÿ s÷ÎçÓç¨ Óç•æ;ÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿ ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿæÖ¯ÿ{Àÿ ' CÉ´Àÿ Ó´æþê†ÿ´' Àÿ FÜÿç Aµÿçœÿ¯ÿ A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ Üÿ] ¨÷Lÿs LÿÀÿ;ÿç > FÜÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ A;ÿçþ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ ¨ÀÿþæŠæZÿ vÿæ{Àÿ Üÿçô ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ, ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæœÿZÿÀÿ ¨æQ{Àÿ {¾Dô Ó´æþê†ÿ´ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ †ÿæÜÿæ ÜÿÖæ;ÿÀÿç†ÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ (Delgated ownership ){Üÿ¯ÿ > {†ÿ~ë ¯ÿ¿Nÿç œÿçfÀÿ Ó晜ÿ Ó¸’ÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Lÿæþ ¨æBô œÿ LÿÀÿç †ÿæÜÿæÀÿ s÷Îç Àíÿ¨{Àÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç A¯ÿ™æÀÿ~æLëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç{œÿ¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Ó¯ÿöÓæþæœÿ¿ Óþæf{Àÿ ¨ÀÿæþæŠæZÿ D¨{Àÿ A†íÿs Aæ×æ fæS÷†ÿ LÿÀÿæB ¨ÀÿþæŠæZÿ Lÿ澿ö þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç ¨÷{†ÿ¿Lÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ þœÿ{Àÿ œÿçfÀÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö äþ†ÿæ H Óæþ$ö AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ DŒæ’ÿœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {¨÷Àÿ~æ fæS÷†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ > FÜÿæ ¯ÿ¿†ÿê†ÿ ¨ÀÿþæŠæZÿ ¯ÿÖë {ÜÿæB$ç¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ Ó¸í‚ÿö DŒæ’ÿœÿ{Àÿ {Ó œÿçfÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ S÷Üÿ~ LÿÀÿç A¯ÿÉçÎLëÿ {ÓÜÿç ¨ÀÿþæŠæZÿ ÓõÎç{Àÿ ¨÷æ~êþæœÿZÿ Üÿç†ÿ ¨æBô Óþ¨ö~ LÿÀÿç {’ÿ¯ÿæÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæÀÿ þš œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > {¯ÿæ™ ÜëÿF ¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ ¯ÿçˆÿêß F¯ÿó Aæ$#öLÿ S~œÿæ{Àÿ Aµÿ¿Ö {àÿæLÿ þæœÿZÿ ¨æBô Që¯ÿ Af¯ÿ H A¯ÿ¿æ¯ÿÜÿæÀÿçLÿ àÿæSç ¨æ{Àÿ {Üÿ{àÿ Lÿç;ëÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿÀÿÓë但ÿæLÿë vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¯ëÿlë$#¯ÿæ {àÿæLÿ þæ{œÿ œÿçÊÿç†ÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ LÿÀÿç{¯ÿ {¾ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ÓÜÿ þœëÿÌ¿Àÿ Ó¸Lÿö †ÿæÀÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ D¨{Àÿ œÿçµÿöÀÿ Lÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöœÿ {Üÿ{àÿ þæœÿ¯ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ DNÿ ’ÿçS{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿˆÿöç†ÿ {Üÿ¯ÿæ AæÀÿ» {ÜÿæB¾æF >
Fvÿæ{Àÿ AæD FLÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö ¨÷ɧ D¨×ç†ÿ ÜëÿF > ™œÿ H AæßÀÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ Lÿç ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ A¯ÿàÿºœÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ ? F ¯ÿæ¯ÿ’ÿ{Àÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ {fæÀÿ ’ÿçAæ¾ç¯ÿ {¾ ™œÿÀÿ D¨æföœÿ †ÿ œÿçÊÿß LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿ Lÿç;ëÿ FÜÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ þæSö{Àÿ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > œÿ¿æߨí¯ÿöLÿ F¯ÿó {œÿð†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ¨í¯ÿöLÿ ™œÿæföœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæÀÿ A$ö {Üÿàÿæ {`ÿæÀÿê, xÿLÿæ߆ÿç, µÿ÷Îæ`ÿæÀÿ, LÿÁÿæ¯ÿfæÀÿ, Aæ’ÿç µëÿàÿ ÀÿæÖæ{Àÿ A$ö D¨æföœÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ œëÿ{Üÿô > ™œÿæföœÿÀÿ Lÿæþ ÓæþæfçLÿ H {œÿð†ÿçLÿ þ¾æö’ÿæ µÿç†ÿ{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿç LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > {þæs D¨{Àÿ LÿÜÿç¯ÿæLëÿ S{àÿ ™œÿæföœÿ Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ AæþLëÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç Aæ`ÿæÀÿ ÓóÜÿç†ÿæ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLÿë ¨xÿç¯ÿ {¾Dô $#{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ A$ö AföœÿÀÿ ¨÷¯õÿˆÿç F¯ÿó {¨÷Àÿ~æ Éç$#Áÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] F¯ÿó {Ó Aœÿçߦç†ÿ H Éõ\ÿÁÿæ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ {ÜÿæB Óþæf ¨æBô AµÿçÉæ¨ Óæ¯ÿ¿Ö œÿ {ÜÿD > FÜÿæLëÿ AæQç AæS{Àÿ ÀÿQç Aæ{þ Óþæf{Àÿ Ó晜ÿ ÓæþS÷êÀÿ D`ÿç†ÿ F¯ÿó œÿ¿æߨí‚ÿö ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ ’ÿõÌcçÀëÿ ’ëÿB ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > {SæsçF {Üÿàÿæ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ AæD Aœÿ¿ sç {Üÿàÿæ AæBœÿS†ÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ >
{¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ, ™æþ}Lÿ, þæœÿ¯ÿçLÿ H {’ÿð¯ÿê µÿæ¯ÿœÿæLëÿ fæS÷†ÿ LÿÀÿç †ÿ’ÿœëÿÀíÿ¨ ÓæþæfçLÿ H ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ Óó×æ F¯ÿó ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ þæœÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF F¯ÿó FÜÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ A†ÿçÀÿçNÿ ™œÿ Ó¸ˆÿçLëÿ ÓþæfÀÿ Üÿç†ÿ ¨æBô Óþ¨ö~ LÿÀÿç {’ÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô {¨÷Àÿ~æ fæS÷†ÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF †ÿæÜÿæLëÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æF > FÜÿæ FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þþ†ÿæÀëÿ Óþ†ÿæ Aæ~ç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷ßæÓ A{s > FÜÿævÿæÀëÿ Üÿ] C{É樜ÿçÌ’ÿ{Àÿ - {†ÿœÿ †ÿ¿{Nÿœÿ µëÿófç$æ… (†ÿ¿æS¨í¯ÿöLÿ {µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ) µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç > Aæþ {’ÿÉÀÿ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ{Àÿ FÜÿç ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æLëÿ {’ÿðœÿ¢ÿçœÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Aæ~ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô LëÿÜÿæ¾æBdç > Aæfç {ÓÜÿç ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæÀÿ ¨ëœÿ… Ó½Àÿ~ F¯ÿó {Óvÿæ{Àÿ ¾ëSæœëÿÀíÿ¨ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ Óó{É晜ÿ LÿÀÿç †ÿæLëÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ{Àÿ Aæ~ç¯ÿæÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿç ’õÿÎçÀëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß fê¯ÿœÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {Àÿ BÎ ( ¾j, ’ÿæœÿ, ’ÿäç~æ) F¯ÿó fœÿLÿàÿ¿æ~ Lÿ澿ö {¾¨Àÿç LíÿA {QæÁÿç¯ÿæ , fÁÿæÉß , {Lÿœÿæàÿ, {¨æQÀÿê, {SæÉæÁÿæ, ™þöÉæÁÿæ, œÿçÉëáÿ `ÿçLÿçûæÁÿß , œÿçÉëÂÿ ¨ævÿÉæÁÿæ, ¯ÿõäæ{Àÿæ¨~ Aæ’ÿç SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í‚ÿö ÓZÿÅÿœÿæ Aæ’ÿç þç{Áÿ >
FÜÿæ þæšþ{Àÿ {Ó Óþæf{Àÿ Që¯ÿ ÓÜÿf µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ™œÿ H AæßÀÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ {ÜÿæB$æF F¯ÿó ¯ÿçÌþ†ÿæ D¨{Àÿ AZëÿÉ àÿæSç$æF > œÿçfÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀÿ ¨íˆÿöç {Üÿ¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ ÓþæfÀÿ Ó¸ˆÿç ÓþæfLëÿ A¨ö~ LÿÀÿç{’ÿ¯ÿæÀÿ µÿæ¯ÿœÿæ F¯ÿó ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ Üÿçô {œÿð†ÿçLÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ A{s > FÜÿæ {ÜÿDdç ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~Àÿ ¯ÿçÌß F¯ÿó Aæ{þ fæ~ë {¾ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿç¾ç¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿÜÿæÀÿ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿç¾æF > FÜÿæLëÿ Aæ{þ FLÿ ÓÀÿÁÿ D’ÿæÜÿÀÿ~Àëÿ ¯ëÿlæ¾>B¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ > þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ëÿ Àÿ{þÉ œÿæþ{Àÿ f{~ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Adç F¯ÿó †ÿæLëÿ àÿxÿë QæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô Bbÿæ {ÜÿDdç > {Ó ¯ÿfæÀÿLëÿ ¾ç¯ÿ F¯ÿó F¯ÿó FLÿ Lÿç{àÿæS÷æþ àÿxëÿ Lÿç~ç AæÓç¯ÿ > {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {Ó ¯ÿfæÀÿÀëÿ WÀÿLëÿ AæÓç¯ÿ {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæLëÿ Bbÿæ {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾ {Lÿò~Óç ¨Àÿç`ÿç†ÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçÀÿ †ÿæ ÓÜÿ {’ÿQæ œÿ {ÜÿD > ¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç ¨Àÿç`ÿç†ÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç Zÿ ÓÜÿ ÀÿæÖæ{Àÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ {’ÿQæ {Üÿàÿæ {†ÿ{¯ÿ †ÿæZëÿ {ÓÜÿç àÿxëÿÀëÿ Lÿçdç {’ÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ > ¾’ÿç †ÿæÀÿ þç†ÿ÷ Óë{ÀÿÉ †ÿæLëÿ ÀÿæÖæ{Àÿ {’ÿQæ ÜëÿF {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Ó †ÿæLëÿ œÿ {’ÿQçàÿæ ¨Àÿç ¾ç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿ > LÿæÀÿ~ †ÿæLëÿ WÀÿLëÿ ¾æB àÿxëÿ QæB¯ÿæÀÿ Adç > {ÓÜÿç àÿxëÿÀëÿ {Ó œÿçf ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ Ó’ÿÓ¿ þæœÿZëÿ Lÿçdç {’ÿB A™#Lÿ Àëÿ A™#Lÿ œÿç{f QæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô `ÿæÜÿ]¯ÿ > {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Ó晜ÿ SëxÿçLÿ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ ÀÿÜÿç$æF {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ’ÿõÎç{Lÿæ~ þš µÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ {ÜÿæB$æF > {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ àÿæ{S {¾ {þæ ¨æQ{Àÿ ¾æÜÿæ Adç †ÿæLëÿ þëô Üÿç A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿç > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ ¯ÿçÌþ†ÿæ F¯ÿó D¨{µÿæNÿæ¯ÿæ’ÿ fœÿ½ {œÿB$æ;ÿç >
¯ÿˆÿöþæœÿ þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ëÿ {¾ Àÿ{þÉ þ¢ÿçÀÿ{Àÿ ¨÷Óæ’ÿ `ÿÿæB¯ÿæ ¨æBô {ÓÜÿç {’ÿæLÿæœÿÀëÿ àÿxëÿ Lÿç~çdç > {Ó þ¢ÿçÀÿÀëÿ {üÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæLëÿ †ÿæÀÿ þç†ÿ÷ Óë{ÀÿÉ ¯ÿæs{Àÿ {’ÿQæ ÜëÿF > Óë{ÀÿÉ †ÿæLëÿ ¨`ÿæ{Àÿ Lÿ~ Aæ~çdë {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ †ÿæÀÿ DˆÿÀÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ µÿS¯ÿæœÿZÿ ¨÷Óæ’ÿ Aæ~çdç > - µÿS¯ÿæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´ {ÜÿæBSàÿæ œÿæ >Àÿ{þÉ þçvÿæ D¨{Àÿ ¯ÿ¿NÿçS†ÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´Lÿë œÿ þæœÿç µÿS¯ÿæœÿZÿÀÿ Ó´æþç†ÿ´Lëÿ Ó´êLÿæÀÿ Lÿàÿæ F¯ÿó {Ó µÿS¯ÿæœÿZÿ þ¢ÿçÀÿLëÿ ¾æB ' †ëÿµÿ¿{þ¯ÿ ¯ÿÖë †ëÿþ¿{̯ÿ Óþ{¨ö߆ ÿ' Àÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ µÿS¯ÿæœÿZëÿ Óþ¨}†ÿ LÿÀÿç{’ÿ{àÿ > ¨ífæÀÿê þ{Üÿæ’ÿß {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ {µÿæS àÿSæB¯ÿæ ¨{Àÿ Lÿçdç µÿæS ÀÿQç ¨Lÿæ;ÿç {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæfç ¨¾¿ö ;ÿ {LÿÜÿç {Üÿ{àÿ †ÿæÀÿ ¯ÿç{Àÿæ™ LÿÀÿç œÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > FÜÿæ FLÿ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ LÿÀÿæ™æœÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LëÿÜÿæ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ àÿSæB¯ÿæ Óþß{Àÿ LÿæÜÿæLëÿ A樈ÿç ÜëÿF œÿæÜÿ] > LÿæÀÿ~ ’õÿÎç{Lÿæ~ ¯ÿ’ÿÁÿç ¾ç¯ÿæ LÿæÀÿ~Àëÿ DNÿ ¯ÿÖëLÿë œÿçfÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç œÿæÜÿ] > ¯ÿÁÿLÿæ {µÿæS {¾{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ ¨ífæÀÿê þ{Üÿæ’ÿß ’ÿçA;ÿç {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿ{Áÿ Aæ¨~Zÿ ’õÿÌcç{Lÿæ~ F¨Àÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾ Lÿç¨Àÿç {ÓÜÿç {µÿæSLëÿ A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ {àÿæLÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¯ÿ~cæ ¾æB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿ > FÜÿç {µÿæS{Àÿ AÅÿ- AÅÿ ÓþÖZëÿ ¯ÿæ~cç QçAæ¾æF > FÜÿç ¨÷Óæ’ÿLëÿ ¯ÿæ~cç¯ÿæ {¯ÿ{Áÿ FÜÿæÀÿ AÅÿ µÿæS œÿçf þš {Ó¯ÿœÿ LÿÀÿ;ÿç > F¨Àÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ F¨Àÿç àÿæ{S {¾ ¨÷Óæ’ÿ {Ó¯ÿœÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¯ÿxÿ Ó{;ÿæÌ þçÁÿçàÿæ > Aæ{þ ¯ÿÖëÀÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ Ó;ëÿÎç ¨÷æ© LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ Üÿçô `ÿæÜÿæ;ÿç > FÜÿæLëÿ Üÿçô A$ö ÉæÚ{Àÿ A™#Lÿ†ÿþ Ó{;ÿæÌÀÿ Óç•æ;ÿ (Law of Maximum satisfaction) LÿÜÿç $æ;ÿç > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ ¯ÿÖë Lëÿ µÿS¯ÿæœÿZÿÀÿ ¨÷Óæ’ÿ {¯ÿæàÿç þ{œÿ LÿÀÿç A™#LÿÀëÿ A™#Lÿ {àÿæLÿZÿ þš{Àÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿç D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¯ÿ¿NÿçLëÿ A™#Lÿ†ÿþ Ó{;ÿæÌ þçÁÿç¨æ{Àÿ > {†ÿ~ë µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß þœÿçÌê þæ{œÿ LÿÜÿçd;ÿç {¾ FLëÿsçAæ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæ{œÿ ¨æ¨ê As;ÿç > {†ÿ~ë É{Üÿsç ÜÿÖ{Àÿ Aföœÿ LÿÀÿ †ÿ$æ Üÿfæ{Àÿ sç Üÿæ†ÿ{Àÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿ > (Ɇÿ ÜÿÖ ÓþæÜÿÀÿ ÓÜÿÓ÷ ÜÿÖ ÓóLÿçÀÿ- A$¯ÿö{¯ÿ’ÿ )
¾’ÿç {Lÿò~Óç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç {œÿð†ÿçLÿ œÿçßþ F¯ÿó þ¾æö’ÿæLëÿ ¨æÁÿœÿ œÿ LÿÀÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæÀëÿ A™#Lÿ Ó¸ˆÿç œÿçf ¨æQ{Àÿ Óó`ÿß Lÿ{Àÿ F¯ÿó FLëÿsçAæ †ÿæLëÿ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {†ÿ{¯ÿ {Ó¨Àÿç ¯ÿ¿Nÿç ¯ÿçÀëÿ•{Àÿ AæBœÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ Ó¸ˆÿçLëÿ Óþæf þš{Àÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~Àÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ LÿÀÿæ¾ç¯ÿæ D`ÿç†ÿ > FÜÿæLëÿ Aæ{þ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~Àÿ {¯ÿð™æœÿçLÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿç ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ >
F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ{Àÿ Óþæf{Àÿ ™œÿ Ó¸ˆÿçÀÿ ¯ÿç†ÿÀÿ~ LÿÀÿç ¯ÿçÌþ†ÿæLëÿ ’íÿÀÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô {œÿð†ÿçLÿ †ÿ$æ {¯ÿð™æœÿçLÿ Dµÿß ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ >
10- ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿLëÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ F¯ÿó Aæ$#öLÿ FLÿLÿ Àíÿ{¨ þæœÿ¿†ÿæ
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ FLÿ ¯ÿÜëÿ Aæßæþê Óó×æ A{s > A$æö†ÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ, ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ, ™æþ}Lÿ H Aæ$#öLÿ Àëÿ¨{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ A†ÿ¿;ÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´¨í~ö µíÿþçLÿæ ÀÿÜÿçdç > FÜÿæÀÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´Lëÿ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ Üõÿ’ÿßèÿþ LÿÀÿç AæþLëÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿLëÿ AæÜëÿÀÿç Óë’õÿÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {fæÀÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¨xÿç¯ÿ > þçÁÿç†ÿ ’ÿæßç†ÿ´ †ÿ$æ ÓëQ-’ëÿQ{Àÿ ÓÜÿµÿæS {ÜÿDdç ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Óó×æÀÿ Aæ™æÀÿ > {†ÿ~ë ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿæ†ÿæ¯ÿÀÿ~ A†ÿ¿;ÿ ÓóÔÿæÀÿäþ, {Ó§Üÿ F¯ÿó É÷•æ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¨í~ö Ó¸Lÿö ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ þæœÿÓçLÿ ’ëÿÊÿ;ÿæ ¯ÿçÜÿêœÿ , þþ†ÿæ, Aæœÿ¢ÿ F¯ÿó ¨÷ÓŸ†ÿæ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¨í~ö ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿæ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ > ¯ÿç{’ÿÉ {Àÿ {¾Dôvÿç ÓÀÿLÿæÀÿ þæœÿZÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ÓæþæfçLÿ œÿçÀÿ樈ÿæ D¨{Àÿ fçxÿç¨çÀÿ 30Àëÿ 40 ¨÷†ÿçɆÿ Qaÿö LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xëÿdç {Ó{†ÿ{¯ÿÁÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ FÜÿç Lÿ澿ö A™#Lÿ µÿàÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ LÿÀÿæ¾æDdç > F¨Àÿç ’õÿÎç{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ¨çàÿæ þæœÿZÿÀÿ àÿæÁÿœÿ ¨æÁÿœÿ , ¯õÿ• þæœÿZÿÀÿ {Ó¯ÿæ, AÓÜÿæß F¯ÿó ¯ÿçLÿÁÿæèÿ ¯ÿ¿Nÿç þæœÿZÿÀÿ D`ÿç†ÿ {’ÿQæÉë~æ Aæ’ÿç Lÿæþ vÿçLÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ `ÿæàÿç¯ÿæ ’ÿÀÿLÿæÀÿ >
µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ ’ÿæßç†ÿ´ œÿç¯ÿæöÜÿœÿ LÿÀëÿ$#¯ÿæ FLÿLÿ, ™æþ}Lÿ F¯ÿó ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™,¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ,ÓóÔõÿ†ÿçÀÿ ÓóÀÿäLÿ Àëÿ{¨ Lÿ澿ö LÿÀÿç AæÓçdç > Aæþ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Óþæ{fæ¨{¾æSê þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™, {œÿð†ÿçLÿ H ÓæþæfçLÿ þíàÿ¿{¯ÿæ™ , ÓæþæfçLÿ ÓæóÔõÿ†ÿçLÿ Óó×æ, ¨÷$æ ¨Àÿ¸Àÿæ SëxÿçLÿÀÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ †ÿ$æ ¨÷`ÿæÀÿ ¨÷ÓæÀÿÀÿ Lÿæþ Lÿç¨Àÿç LÿÀÿç¨æÀÿç¯ÿ {Ó ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ AæþLëÿ {`ÿÎæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ > µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿSëxÿçLÿ œÿçfÀÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæLëÿ ¨íÀÿæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô ¯ÿçµÿçŸ ¨÷LÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿÖë œÿçþöæ~ LÿÀÿç AæÓëd;ÿç > ¯ÿç{’ÿÉ{Àÿ {¾Dô Lÿ澿ö {Üÿæ{sàÿ þæœÿZÿ{Àÿ LÿÀÿæ¾æF {ÓÜÿç Lÿ澿ö µÿæÀÿ†ÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ A™#Lÿ µÿàÿ µÿæ¯ÿ{Àÿ LÿÀÿç$æ;ÿç >
Aæþ {’ÿÉ{Àÿ ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿçLÿ ÉçÅÿSëxÿçLÿÀÿ þš Që¯ÿ SëÀëÿ†ÿ´ ÀÿÜÿçdç > {’ÿÉÀÿ {þæs Óó`ÿß ÀÿæÉç{Àÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ µÿæS {ÜÿDdç ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿSëxÿçLÿÀÿ Óó`ÿß ÀÿæÉç > F ¨÷LÿæÀÿ{Àÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ Óó×æLëÿ µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß A$ö¯ÿ¿¯ÿ×æÀÿ þíÁÿ Aæ™æÀÿ {¯ÿæàÿç LÿÜÿç{àÿ A†ÿ¿&ëNÿç {Üÿ¯ÿ œÿæÜÿçô > AæþLëÿ Óêþç†ÿ,Óó¾þç†ÿ †ÿ$æ Ó’ÿæ`ÿæÀÿê D¨{µÿæS {ÉðÁÿê AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ WÀÿ ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿÀÿ ¯ÿçµÿçŸ fçœÿç̨†ÿ÷ Lÿç~æ †ÿ$æ D¨{µÿæS LÿÀÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨Àÿ¸ÀÿæLëÿ ¯ÿçLÿÉç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > A$æöföœÿÀÿ Lÿ澿ö †ÿ$æ F¯ÿó ¨Àÿç¯ÿæÀÿ ¨÷†ÿç Lÿˆÿö¯ÿ¿ F¯ÿó ’ÿæßç†ÿ´ þš{Àÿ Óþœÿ´ß Àÿäæ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ {ÜÿDdç AæfçÀÿ Ó¯ëÿvÿæÀëÿ ¯ÿxÿ Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ†ÿæ >
11. {œÿð†ÿçLÿ {œÿ†õÿ†ÿ´ - þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉÀÿ D{”É¿Lëÿ ÜÿæÓàÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô F¯ÿó FÜÿæ AœëÿÓæ{Àÿ ÓæþæfçLÿ-Aæ$#öLÿ ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ †ÿ$æ FÜÿæLëÿ Lÿ澿ö LÿæÀÿê LÿÀÿç¯ÿæ ¨æBô Ó¯ÿöÓæþæœÿ¿ Óþæf{Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ H F¯ÿó ÓæþæfçLÿ ’ÿæßç†ÿ´Àÿ ÓóÔÿæÀÿLëÿ ¨àÿâ¯ÿç†ÿ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ †ÿ$æ FÜÿç Aæ™æÀÿ{Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ {œÿ†õÿ†ÿ´Àÿ œÿçþæö~ LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ ¨xÿç¯ÿ > Aæ{þ FÜÿç {œÿ†õÿ†ÿ´ þæšþ{Àÿ ÓþæfÀÿ Ó´†ÿ´,Ó´æµÿçþæœÿ,†ÿ$æ Ó´æ¯ÿàÿºœÿLëÿ fæS÷†ÿ LÿÀÿç þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ ’ÿçS{Àÿ AS÷ÓÀÿ {ÜÿæB ¨æÀÿç¯ÿæ > ¨÷Óç• `ÿç;ÿLÿ †ÿ$æ {œÿæ{¯ÿàÿ ¨ëÀÿÔÿæÀÿ ¯ÿç{f†ÿæ ¨÷{üÿÓÀÿ SëœÿæÀÿ þçxÿöæàÿ LÿÜÿç$#{àÿ {¾ µÿæÀÿ†ÿ Ó¼ëQ{Àÿ {¾Dô ÓþÓ¿æ ÀÿÜÿçdç †ÿæÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê J~ Lÿçºæ ¯ÿç{’ÿÉê ¨íqç{Àÿ {ÜÿæB¨æÀÿç¯ÿ œÿæÜÿ] > FÜÿæÀÿ Óþæ™æœÿ {Lÿ¯ÿÁÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ {œÿ†õÿ†ÿ´{Àÿ ÀÿÜÿçdç > F Ó¸Lÿö{Àÿ †ÿæZÿÀÿ ¯ÿNÿ¯ÿ¿ D¨{Àÿ šæœÿ {’ÿ¯ÿæ œÿçÜÿæ†ÿç Aæ¯ÿÉ¿Lÿ >
“Often when laberting with India’s staggering development problems, I have felt inclined to believe that what great country needs today, more than foreign aid and day-to-day adjustments of policies to meet the recurring emergencies, is spiritual leaders approaching Gandhijis greatness, his love and fearlessness. Together with all the patriots who would undoubtedly come to surround such leaders, they might electrify the nation to undertake the revolutionary changes in social, economic and political institutions, aptitudes and practices which are now so desperately needed.”
-Myrdal (Against the stream, p.244)
{þæs D¨{Àÿ FÜÿæ LëÿÜÿæ¾æB ¨æ{Àÿ {¾ þèÿÁÿ ¯ÿçLÿæÉ{Àÿ AæþLëÿ FLÿ F¨Àÿç ÓóÀÿ`ÿœÿæ †ÿçAæÀÿç LÿÀÿç¯ÿæLëÿ {Üÿ¯ÿ {¾Dô$#{Àÿ {œÿð†ÿçLÿ†ÿæ, A$öœÿê†ÿç,¨æÀÿç×ç†ÿçLÿê ,ÉNÿç †ÿ$æ œÿç¾ëNÿç (Ethics, Economy, Energy, and Employment)þš{Àÿ Ó;ëÿÁÿœÿ Àÿäæ LÿÀÿæ¾æB¨æ{Àÿ > Óó{ä¨{Àÿ FÜÿç œÿ¯ÿ Àÿ`ÿœÿæÀÿ †ÿç{œÿæsç þíÁÿ Óí†ÿ÷ ÀÿÜÿç¯ÿ > FSëxÿçLÿ {Üÿàÿæ {¨æÌ~äþ A$ö †ÿ¦, ™æÀÿ~äþ {s{Lÿ§æàÿfê †ÿ$æ ÓóÔÿæÀÿäþ Óþæf- †ÿ¦ >
xÿ. ¯ÿfÀÿèÿàÿæàÿ Së©æ
Fþ.F. (A$öœÿê†ÿç), ¨çF`ÿxÿç
-1996{Àÿ Àÿæf×æœÿ ¯ÿçÉ´¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿß fߨëÀÿÀëÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç{Àÿ Fþ.F.
-LëÿÀëÿ{ä†ÿ÷ ¯ÿçÉ´¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿßÀëÿ (1985) þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ ' Value and Distribution System in Ancient India' ¯ÿçÌß D¨{Àÿ Reaserch Paper ¾æÜÿæ 1992 {Àÿ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ
-Ó´æþê É÷•æœÿ¢ÿ Lÿ{àÿf (’ÿçàÿâê ¯ÿçÉ´¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿß)Àëÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç ¯ÿçµÿæS{Àÿ ÀÿçxÿÀÿ ¨’ÿÀëÿ 2005 þÓçÜÿæ{Àÿ A¯ÿLÿæɨ÷æ©
Aœÿ¿ ¨÷LÿæÉœÿ-
. µÿæÀÿ†ÿ Lÿæ Aæ$#öLÿ B†ÿçÜÿæÓ (ÜÿÀÿçßæ~æ ÓæÜÿç†ÿ¿ FLÿæ{xÿþê, `ÿƒêSÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ)
. Üÿç¢ëÿ A$ö `ÿç;ÿœÿ (µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ¯ÿç`ÿæÀÿ Ó晜ÿæ œÿæS¨ëÀÿ ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ )
. ¨ßæö¯ÿÀÿ~{¨÷þê Üÿç¢ëÿ ’õÿÎç (ÓëÀëÿ`ÿç ¨÷LÿæÉœÿ, œíÿAæ’ÿçàÿâê ’ÿ´æÀÿæ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ )
. ¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿß F¯ÿó ¯ÿçÉ´¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿß ÖÀÿ{Àÿ A$öœÿê†ÿç ¯ÿçÌß{Àÿ A{œÿLÿ ¨ëÖLÿ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ
. A{œÿLÿ ¨†ÿ÷-¨†ÿ÷çLÿæ{Àÿ ¨÷¯ÿ¤ÿ ¨÷LÿæÉç†ÿ
- ¨í¯ÿö†ÿœÿ Ó’ÿÓ¿, µÿæÀÿ†ÿêß ÓæþæfçLÿ ¯ÿçjæœÿ AœëÿÓ¤ÿæœÿ ¨ÀÿçÌ’ÿ (ICSSR)
- ¨í¯ÿö†ÿœÿ Ó’ÿÓ¿, {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß Üÿç¢ÿê Óþç†ÿç
- ¨í¯ÿö†ÿœÿ Ó’ÿÓ¿, {Lÿ¢ÿ÷êß D¨{µÿæNÿæ ÓóÀÿäþ ¨ÀÿçÌ’ÿ
- A{œÿLÿ ¯ÿÌö ™Àÿç þÜÿÌöç ’ÿßæœÿ¢ÿ ¯ÿçÉ´¯ÿç’ÿ¿æÁÿßÀÿ {¯ÿæxÿö Aüÿ ÎxÿçfÀÿ Ó’ÿÓ¿
2009-01-01
କୁ ଗ୍ରହୀତା:
ପୋଷ୍ଟସମୂହ (Atom)